How to Run Essay Example for Free

How to Run EssaySTATISTICAL TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW baseborn (X) is a measure of central tendency and is the sum of the raw oodles divided by the progeny of tally being summed. touchst iodine deviation (SD) is setd to measure dispersion or the spread of loads from the symbolise (Burns Grove, 2007). The larger the value of the standard deviation for study variables, the greater the dispersion or variant of the oodles for the variable in a distri b belyion. (See Exercise 16 for a detailed discussion of mean and standard deviation. ) Since the theoretical normal curve is symmetrical and unimodal, the mean, median, and mode are equal in the normal curve (see Figure 18-1). In the normal curve, 95% of the scores will be within 1.96 standard deviations of the mean, and 99% of scores are within 2.58 standard deviations of the mean. Figure 18-1 demonstrates the normal curve, with a.X = 0. The locution used to calculate the 95% rule to determine where 95% of the scores for the no rmal curve deceit is X1.96(SD)The formula used to calculate the 99% rule to determine where 99% of the scores for the normal curve duplicity isX 2.58 (SD)FIGURE 18-1 The Normal stoopMeanMedianModeStandard deviation -3Zscore-2.58-+2.58131133Mean, Standard Deviation, and 95% and 99% of the Normal CurveEXERCISE 18Participants inform a net accession in fish from 3 months prior (M= 2.4 Ib, SD 12.9 Ib) and 12 months prior (M = 10.9 Ib, SD = 19.1 Ib) and that their weight was greater than their standard weight (M = 9.2 Ib, SD = 22.9 Ib). SDs for the data indicated a wide range on weight at both 3 and 12 months before participation in the study.Body film scores (0-100 scale) were importantly (F(1 37) = 5.41, p =.03) higher for wo custody (73.1 17.0) than hands (60.2 17.0). Although human immunodeficiency virus-positive participants had slightly higher body image scores (M = 68.0, SD = 17.0) compared with participants with support (M = 60.5, SD = 18.8), there was no significa nt diversity (F(1 ,7, = 1.56, p .22) in body image scores betwixt those with human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS. There was a weak, but significant, inverse association between body image score and weight changes from 3 months prior (r = -.30, p =.04). Body image and weight scores are summarized in Table 1 (Corless et al, 2004, p. 294).TABLE 1Body Image and Weight Measures for Men and WomenGENDERMaleFemaleMeanBody imageWeight change last 12 monthsWeight change last 3 monthsWeight sex act to idealBody weight ratioSDMeanSD60.2210.2616.9822.4015.8722,9333.9773.0711.941.4713.6314.4467.5622.5734.443.055.4853.6616.937.32Corless, I. B., Nicholas, P. K., McGibbon, C. A., Wilson, C., (2004). Weight change, body image, and timber of invigoration in HIV disease A pilot study. Applied Nursing Research, 77(4), p. 294.A summary of quality-of-life scores for men and women is shown in Table 2. The scales of the MOS-HIV Quality of Life instrument include General Health Perceptions, Physical Functioning, business office Functioning, Social Functioning, Cognitive Functioning, Pain, Mental Health, Vitality, Health Distress, Quality of Life, and Heath Transition. There were no significant differences between quality of life scores between men and women. Men did have lower scores on some MOS-HIV scales (Cognitive Functioning, Pain, Quality of Life, and Health Transition) and women were lower on others (Vitality and Health Distress). In addition, there were a bend of differences in the relationships between quality of life scores, body image, and body weight. The positive correlations indicated that improved quality of life was associated with improved body image (Corless et al., 2004, pp. 294-5).132EXERCISE 18Mean, Standard Deviation, and 95% and 99% of the Normal CurveThe data described below are the verbal sit scores for high school seniors for one year with X = 490 and SD =100 (see Figure 18-2). The formula used to find where 95% of the scores lie is X 1.96 (SD). In t his example, 490 + 1.96 (100) = 686, and 490 1.96 (100) = 294. Thus 95% of scores lie between 294 and 686, expressed as (294, 686). Since 95% of the scores are between 294 and 686, this leaves 5% of the scores outside this interval. Since a normal curve is symmetric, half of the scores, or 2.5%, are at each end of this scattering.To find where 99% of scores lie,Z 2.58 (SD), where 490 + 2.58 (100) = 748and 490 2.58 (100) = 232. Thus, 99% of the sit scores lie between 232 and 748, which is expressed as (232, 748). Since the scattering of these scores is normal, 99% of the scores are between 232 and 748 and 0.5% of the scores are at each end of this distribution.FIGURE 18-2 ft Distribution of SAT ScoresSD=100x = 490MeanRESEARCH ARTICLESource Corless, I. B., Nicholas, P. K., McGibbon, C. A., Wilson, C, (2004). Weight change, body image, and quality of life in HIV disease A pilot study. Applied Nursing Research 77(4), 292-6. triggerThe purpose of this pilot study conducted by Corl ess and colleagues (2004) was to investigate the relationships of weight change, body image, length of time with HIV/AIDS diagnosis, and quality of life in individuals with HIV disease (Corless et al., 2004, p. 292). The sample consisted of 40 subjects 23 men and 17 women. The HIV-positive adults in a primary care clinic were asked to participate, so this study has a sample of convenience. The participants reported an increase in weight, greater than their ideal weight. The body image scores were found to be significantly higher for women, with the HIV-positive participants having slightly higher body image scores. A survey and Medical Outcomes Study-HIV (MOS-HIV) instruments were used as measurement methods for this study. The results indicated that when a persons weight is higher and closer to his or her ideal, HIV-positive individuals exhibit better quality of life. Thus, breeding of clinicians and individuals living with HIV/AIDS should focus on the assessment, management, and evaluation of weight change during the course of HIV disease (Corless et al., 2004, p. 292).Relevant Study ResultsThe sample consisted of 23 men with a mean age of 42.2 long time (SD = 8.2), length of time since diagnosis with HIV was 9.2 years (SD = 5.3) and 17 women with a mean age of 36.8 years (SD = 5.2), and length of time since diagnosis with HIV was 7.2 years (SD = 4.8). For men, 23 were HIV-positive and 9 had a diagnosis of AIDS and for women, 17 were HIV positive, and 5 had a diagnosis of AIDS. There was no significant difference in demographic characteristics of the sample by age, gender, HIV disease status, and time living with HIV.ClassName ascertainEXERCISE 18Questions to be Graded1. anticipate that the distribution is normal for weight relative to the ideal and 99% of the male participants scored between (-53.68, 64.64), where did 95% of the determine for weight relative to the ideal lie? tour your answer to two decimal places.2. Which of the following values from Table 1 tells us about variation of the scores in a distribution?a. 60.22b. 11.94c. 22.57d. 53.663. Assuming that the distribution for General Health Perceptions is normal, 95% of the females scores nearly the mean were between what values? just about your answer to two decimal places.4. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Pain is normal, 95% of the mens scores around the mean were between what two values? stave your answernto two decimal places.5. Were the body image scores significantly different for women versus men? Provide a rationale for your138EXERCISE 18Mean, Standard Deviation, and 95% and 99% of the Normal Curve6. Assuming that the distribution of Mental Health scores for men is normal, where are 99% of the mens mental health scores around the mean in this distribution? Round your answer to two decimal places.7. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Physical Functioning in women is normal, where are of the womens scores around the mean in this distribut ion? Round your answer to two decimal places.8. Assuming that the distribution of scores is normal, 99% of HIV-positive body image scores around the mean were between what two values? Round your answer to two decimal places.9. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Role Functioning is normal, 99% of the mens scores around the mean were between what values? Round your answer to two decimal places.10. What are some of the limitations of this study that decrease the potential for generalizing the findings to the target population?