Three men in a boat

Harris. did not appear to have much sense of style, however, as evident from the loud blazer he had bought for the trip. did not like spending much thought on trivial matters as he remarked that ‘if anything was broken, it was broken. ‘ last one to offer to do anything that required physical labour. not very quick-witted and depended on the others to lead him. He loved laughing at others but did not enjoy it much when the Joke turned on him. keen to learn to play the Banjo, but he played quite badly and even turned a cheerful song into a mournful tune some knowledge of cooking, as can be seen by the fact that he made a healthy Irish Stew.The narrator, a happy-go-lucky young man like his two friends fond of animals, as seen in his interactions with cats and his dog, Montmorency. hypochondriac, imagining that he had all the imaginable diseases of the world, Just by reading about them. more sensible and practical than the other two and shows a knowledge and appreciation for the historical aspect of the English countryside. Like his friends, he too disliked hard work, and was convinced that he had been labouring the most while the other two lazed about. more romantic and imaginative soul, with his head often in the clouds, as he lost sight of the fact that he was steering time and again, while admiring the scenery. He was the most affected by the beauties of nature. In fact, he had turned down the inn at Datchet initially because it did not have honeysuckle growing over it and hence was not picturesque enough. keenest sense of aesthetics as he constantly critiques his friends' choices of clothing. sense of humour and maintained a steady balance between the diverse personalities of George and Harns .A rather world-weary fox terrier, Montmorency was the narrator's dog. When the narrator had found him, he had thought that he would not survive for too long but Montmorency had proved him wrong by not only surviving, but by turning out to be quite a high-spir ited dog, killing chickens, chasing cats and fghting against other dogs. Montmorency had a tendency to get underfoot and be more ofa general hindrance than ot any help. He disrupts the packing in umpteen ways and gets proceeds to get two other dogs inside the house. ? His nature is marked by curiosity and a desire to help as seen by his attempt to hold the boiling kettle and the contribution of the dead rat respectively. Though he is quick to get into fghts with dogs, he is also quick to fall back when faced with more determined adversaries like cats. Character sketch of Jerome†¦.. a funny man†¦. thinking anything to be a Joke†¦. lives the life the way it takes it to†¦ no practical thinking.. ]ust tries to do everything the way he is asked†¦ has a dog.. he loves food and hates workJerome K.Jerome is like the Victorian Bill Bryson. Three Men in a Boat is not a bad travelogueis thus confused by his symptoms that he refers to a medical book and happens to misco nceive that he possesses virtually each doable ailment recorded in there. Character sketch of George – George was a bank clerk (who ‘goes to sleep at a bank from ten to four each day, except Saturdays, when they wake him up and put him outside at two and was living in a back room of the same house. The landlady suggested that, to save money, the two might share a room.They ‘chummed ‘ together for some years – both shared love of the theatre -and a life-long friendship was formed. George, who remained a bachelor, rose to become manager of Barclays Bank in the Strand and outlived. Character sketch of Harris – Harris is a vain fellow who pretends to be extremely hard working but usually pushes off the burden on other people. he is outspoken and does not hesitate to tell his friends what he thinks about them even if it may not be pleasant. for example he outwardly tells george that his new blazer is utterly revolting and that he must not wear it ar ound them (harris and J). en harris takes on a Job he makes a huge fuss out of it like the narator;s uncle podger. it may not be anything majorly important but if harris is going to do it the world would know about it. he also thinks very highly of himself and his voice though his friends do not want him to even attempt singing. he is extremely fascinated by tombs and graveyards much to J ‘s dislike. he is also quite short tempered and it is best to let him rant off his anger rather than try and talk to him about it. he wouldn t mind a drink at any time of the day and enjoys the company of his friends . Three Men in a Boat Question 2: Answer the following questions briefly. (i) What are the controls affecting the climate of India? (ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate? (iii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why? (iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar Coast? (v) What are jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India? (vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by â€Å"break† in monsoon? (vii) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond? * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————-Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  The controls affecting the climate of India are: lat itude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents and relief features. (ii)  The climate of India is strongly influenced by monsoon winds. Hence, it has a monsoon type of climate. (iii)  The north-western part of India comprising the Indian Desert experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature. This is because of the fact that sand (found in ample quantity in this region) gains and loses heat very quickly.As a result of this phenomenon, there is a wide difference between day and night temperatures in this region. The day temperature may rise to 50 °C and drop down to near 15 °C the same night. (iv)  The south-west monsoon winds are responsible for rainfall along the Malabar Coast. (v)  Jet streams are a narrow belt of high-altitude winds in the troposphere. The sub-tropical westerly jet stream blowing south of the Himalayas are responsible for the western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the co untry during the winter months.The sub-tropical easterly jet stream blowing over peninsular India is responsible for the tropical cyclones that affect the eastern coastal regions of India during the monsoon as well as during the October to November period. (vi)  Monsoon refers to the complete reversal of winds over a large area leading to a change of seasons. â€Å"Break† in monsoon refers to the wet and dry spells of the monsoon. In other words, the monsoon rains take place for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. vii)  Despite variations in temperature conditions across India, a sense of unity is imposed by the monsoon. The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons that binds the entire country. Question 3: Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India? * ——————————†”—————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- ShareThe amount of rainfall decreases from east to west in Northern India because of the progressive decrease in the humidity of the winds. As the moisture-bearing winds of the Bay of Bengal branch of the southwest monsoon move further and further inland, they exhaust most of the moisture they carry along with them. This consequently leads to a gradual decrease in the amount of rainfall from east to west. Question 4: Give reasons as to why. (i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontinent? (ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months. iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall. (iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones. (v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone. * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  The seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent is the result of the Coriolis force. It is an apparent force caused by the Earth's rotation.The Coriolois force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. (ii)  The rainfall received by India is largely due to the south-west monsoon winds. The duration of the mon soon is between 100 to 120 days. Hence, the bulk of rainfall received by the country is  concentrated over a few months. (iii)  During the winter season, north-east trade winds prevail over India. They blow from land to sea and hence, for most part of the country, it is a dry season.However, the Tamil Nadu Coast receives winter rainfall due to these winds. This is because in this region these winds blow from sea to land, thereby carrying moisture along with them. (iv)  The delta region of the eastern coast of India is frequently struck by cyclones. This is because the cyclonic depressions that originate over the Andaman Sea are brought in by the sub-tropical easterly jet stream blowing over peninsular India during the monsoon as well as during the October to November period. v)  Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone because of the scanty rainfall received by these regions during the monsoon rains. The progressive decrease in the humidity of the winds of the Bay of Bengal branch causes the amount of rainfall to decrease from east to west in northern India. As the leeward side is the rain-shadow area, the regions lying in this region receive very little rain from the Arabian Sea branch. It is the windward side of the Ghats that receives the maximum rain. Climate (Social Science)| Close X   |Exercise  Ã‚  Ã‚ «Prev  Page 40  Next »| | Q5  Q6  Q7  Q8| Question 8: Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India. * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share Characteristics of monsoon rainfall in India: (i ) The duration of the monsoon is between 100 to 120 days from early June to mid-September. (ii) Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues for several days.This is known as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon. (iii) The monsoon has characteristic wet and dry spells or ‘breaks’ in rainfall. The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. (iv) The moisture is carried by pulsating south westerlies that are affected by different atmospheric conditions, thereby giving monsoon rains an uncertain character. The annual rainfall is highly variable from year to year (v) The rainfall is unevenly distributed across the Indian landscape.Parts of the western coast and north-eastern India receive the maximum rainfall. Regions such as parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Leh and the leeward side of the Western Ghats receive very little rainfall. Effects of monsoon rainfall in India: (a) Ind ian agriculture is largely dependent upon the water from the monsoon rains. Late, low or excessive rains have a negative impact upon crops. (b) Due to the uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are some regions that are drought prone and some that are flood afflicted. c) The monsoon provides India with a distinct climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the presence of great regional variations, it has a unifying influence upon the country and its people. Question 3: (i) Name two rainiest stations. (ii) Name two driest stations. (iii) Two stations with most equable climate. (iv) Two stations with most extreme climate. (v) Two stations most influenced by the Arabian branch of southwest monsoons. (vi) Two stations most influenced by the Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoons. vii) Two stations influenced by both branches of the south-west monsoons (viii) Two stations influenced by retreating and north-east monsoons. (ix) Two stations receiving winter showers from t he western disturbances. (x) The two hottest stations in the months of (a) February (b) April (c) May (d) June * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  Two rainiest stations: Shillong and Mumbai (ii)  Two driest stations: Leh and Jodhpur iii)  Two stations with most equable climate: Bangalore and Tiruvanantapuram (iv)  Two stations with most extreme climate: Leh and Jodhpur (v)  Two stations most influenced by the Arabian branch of southwest monsoons: Tiruvanatapuram and Mumbai (vi)  Two stations most influenced by the Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoons: Shillong and Kolkata (vii)  T wo stations influenced by both branches of the south-west monsoons: Delhi and Kolkata (viii)  Two stations influenced by retreating and north-east monsoons: Chennai and Bangalore (ix)  Two stations receiving winter showers from the western disturbances: Jodhpur and Delhi (x)  The two hottest stations  ? (a)  In the month February: Tiruvanatapuram and Chennai (b)  In the month April: Nagpur and Kolkata (c)  In the month of May: Nagpur and Jodhpur (d)  In the month of June: Jodhpur and Delhi Three Men in a Boat Question 2: Answer the following questions briefly. (i) What are the controls affecting the climate of India? (ii) Why does India have a monsoon type of climate? (iii) Which part of India does experience the highest diurnal range of temperature and why? (iv) Which winds account for rainfall along the Malabar Coast? (v) What are jet streams and how do they affect the climate of India? (vi) Define monsoons. What do you understand by â€Å"break† in monsoon? (vii) Why is the monsoon considered a unifying bond? * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————-Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  The controls affecting the climate of India are: lat itude, altitude, pressure and wind system, distance from the sea, ocean currents and relief features. (ii)  The climate of India is strongly influenced by monsoon winds. Hence, it has a monsoon type of climate. (iii)  The north-western part of India comprising the Indian Desert experiences the highest diurnal range of temperature. This is because of the fact that sand (found in ample quantity in this region) gains and loses heat very quickly.As a result of this phenomenon, there is a wide difference between day and night temperatures in this region. The day temperature may rise to 50 °C and drop down to near 15 °C the same night. (iv)  The south-west monsoon winds are responsible for rainfall along the Malabar Coast. (v)  Jet streams are a narrow belt of high-altitude winds in the troposphere. The sub-tropical westerly jet stream blowing south of the Himalayas are responsible for the western cyclonic disturbances experienced in the north and north-western parts of the co untry during the winter months.The sub-tropical easterly jet stream blowing over peninsular India is responsible for the tropical cyclones that affect the eastern coastal regions of India during the monsoon as well as during the October to November period. (vi)  Monsoon refers to the complete reversal of winds over a large area leading to a change of seasons. â€Å"Break† in monsoon refers to the wet and dry spells of the monsoon. In other words, the monsoon rains take place for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. vii)  Despite variations in temperature conditions across India, a sense of unity is imposed by the monsoon. The seasonal alteration of the wind systems and the associated weather conditions provide a rhythmic cycle of seasons that binds the entire country. Question 3: Why does the rainfall decrease from the east to the west in Northern India? * ——————————†”—————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- ShareThe amount of rainfall decreases from east to west in Northern India because of the progressive decrease in the humidity of the winds. As the moisture-bearing winds of the Bay of Bengal branch of the southwest monsoon move further and further inland, they exhaust most of the moisture they carry along with them. This consequently leads to a gradual decrease in the amount of rainfall from east to west. Question 4: Give reasons as to why. (i) Seasonal reversal of wind direction takes place over the Indian subcontinent? (ii) The bulk of rainfall in India is concentrated over a few months. iii) The Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall. (iv) The delta region of the eastern coast is frequently struck by cyclones. (v) Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone. * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  The seasonal reversal of wind direction over the Indian subcontinent is the result of the Coriolis force. It is an apparent force caused by the Earth's rotation.The Coriolois force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. (ii)  The rainfall received by India is largely due to the south-west monsoon winds. The duration of the mon soon is between 100 to 120 days. Hence, the bulk of rainfall received by the country is  concentrated over a few months. (iii)  During the winter season, north-east trade winds prevail over India. They blow from land to sea and hence, for most part of the country, it is a dry season.However, the Tamil Nadu Coast receives winter rainfall due to these winds. This is because in this region these winds blow from sea to land, thereby carrying moisture along with them. (iv)  The delta region of the eastern coast of India is frequently struck by cyclones. This is because the cyclonic depressions that originate over the Andaman Sea are brought in by the sub-tropical easterly jet stream blowing over peninsular India during the monsoon as well as during the October to November period. v)  Parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat and the leeward side of the Western Ghats are drought-prone because of the scanty rainfall received by these regions during the monsoon rains. The progressive decrease in the humidity of the winds of the Bay of Bengal branch causes the amount of rainfall to decrease from east to west in northern India. As the leeward side is the rain-shadow area, the regions lying in this region receive very little rain from the Arabian Sea branch. It is the windward side of the Ghats that receives the maximum rain. Climate (Social Science)| Close X   |Exercise  Ã‚  Ã‚ «Prev  Page 40  Next »| | Q5  Q6  Q7  Q8| Question 8: Give the characteristics and effects of the monsoon rainfall in India. * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share Characteristics of monsoon rainfall in India: (i ) The duration of the monsoon is between 100 to 120 days from early June to mid-September. (ii) Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues for several days.This is known as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon. (iii) The monsoon has characteristic wet and dry spells or ‘breaks’ in rainfall. The monsoon rains take place only for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. (iv) The moisture is carried by pulsating south westerlies that are affected by different atmospheric conditions, thereby giving monsoon rains an uncertain character. The annual rainfall is highly variable from year to year (v) The rainfall is unevenly distributed across the Indian landscape.Parts of the western coast and north-eastern India receive the maximum rainfall. Regions such as parts of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Leh and the leeward side of the Western Ghats receive very little rainfall. Effects of monsoon rainfall in India: (a) Ind ian agriculture is largely dependent upon the water from the monsoon rains. Late, low or excessive rains have a negative impact upon crops. (b) Due to the uneven distribution of rainfall across the country, there are some regions that are drought prone and some that are flood afflicted. c) The monsoon provides India with a distinct climatic pattern. Hence, in spite of the presence of great regional variations, it has a unifying influence upon the country and its people. Question 3: (i) Name two rainiest stations. (ii) Name two driest stations. (iii) Two stations with most equable climate. (iv) Two stations with most extreme climate. (v) Two stations most influenced by the Arabian branch of southwest monsoons. (vi) Two stations most influenced by the Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoons. vii) Two stations influenced by both branches of the south-west monsoons (viii) Two stations influenced by retreating and north-east monsoons. (ix) Two stations receiving winter showers from t he western disturbances. (x) The two hottest stations in the months of (a) February (b) April (c) May (d) June * ————————————————- Answer * ————————————————- Discussion * ————————————————- Share (i)  Two rainiest stations: Shillong and Mumbai (ii)  Two driest stations: Leh and Jodhpur iii)  Two stations with most equable climate: Bangalore and Tiruvanantapuram (iv)  Two stations with most extreme climate: Leh and Jodhpur (v)  Two stations most influenced by the Arabian branch of southwest monsoons: Tiruvanatapuram and Mumbai (vi)  Two stations most influenced by the Bay of Bengal branch of south-west monsoons: Shillong and Kolkata (vii)  T wo stations influenced by both branches of the south-west monsoons: Delhi and Kolkata (viii)  Two stations influenced by retreating and north-east monsoons: Chennai and Bangalore (ix)  Two stations receiving winter showers from the western disturbances: Jodhpur and Delhi (x)  The two hottest stations  ? (a)  In the month February: Tiruvanatapuram and Chennai (b)  In the month April: Nagpur and Kolkata (c)  In the month of May: Nagpur and Jodhpur (d)  In the month of June: Jodhpur and Delhi

Study Notes †Balance management Essay

Customer Flow: Taco Bell serves on average 1,500 customers per day (15 hours). On average there are 75 customers in the restaurant (waiting to place the order, waiting for the order to arrive, eating, etc.). How long does an average customer spend at Taco Bell and what is the average customer turnover? R=1,500 customers/day I=75 customers T=I/R=(75 cus/1,500 cus/day)x(15 hrs/day)x(60min/hr)=45 minutes Customer turnover=1/T=(1/45 min)x(60 min/hr)x(15 hrs/day)=20 times per day Job Flow: The Travelers Insurance Company processes 10,000 claims per year. The average processing time is 3 weeks. Assuming 50 weeks in a year, what is the average number of claims â€Å"in process†? R=10,000 claims/yr T=(3 weeks)/(50 weeks/yr)=3/50 yr I=RT=(10,000 claims/yr)Ãâ€"(3/50 yr)=600 claims Material Flow: McDonalds’s holds raw hamburger meat an average of three days before its cooked and sold to customers. The typical inventory of raw meat is 2,500 lb. What is the average amount of hamburger McDonald’s goes through in a week and what is the takt time of processing hamburger in a 15-hour day? R=I/T, R=?, T =3 days=3/7weeks, I=2500lbs, R=2500lbs/ 3/7weeks R=5,833lbs/week, Takt =1/R 1/5833 lbs/week x 7days/week x 15hr/day x 60min/hour = 1.08min/lb – means none of the processes can take more than 1.08min Monetary Flow: For the new Euro introduction in 2002, Wim Duisenberg had to decide how many new Euro coins to stamp by 2002. Euroland’s central banks’ cash-in-coins handling was estimated at â‚ ¬300 billion per year. The average cash-in-coins holding time by consumers and businesses was estimated at 2 months. How many Euro coins were to be made? R=300 B/yr T=(2 months)/(12 months/yr)=1/6 yr I=RT=(300 B/yr)x(1/6 yr)=â‚ ¬50 B Cash Flow (Accounts Receivable): A wholesaler sells $300 million worth of clothes and accessories to retailers per year. The average accounts receivable is $45 million. What is the average billing to collection process cycle time? T=I/R=($45 M/$300 M/yr)x(52 wks/yr)=7.8 weeks A general manager at Baxter states that her inventory turns three times a year. She also states that everything that Baxter buys gets processed and leaves the docks within six weeks. Are these statements consistent? No, because if the flow time is 6 weeks, then inventory turns should be 1/T=(1/6 wks)x(52 wks/yr)=8.7 turns/year. 1. Registration: Average Inventory = 20, Throughput = 20 per hour, Average flow time = 20 / 20 = 1 hour Triage: Average Inventory = 5, Throughput = 20 per hour, Average flow time = 5 / 20 = 0.25 hour, Admit: Average Inventory = 10, Throughput = 5 per hour(25%of20), Average flow time = 10 /5 = 2 hours Average time spent by people admitted = 1 + 0.25 + 2 = 3.25 hours Routine: Average inventory = 10, Throughput = 15 per hour (75%of20),, Average flow time = 10/15 = 0.6667 hour Average time spent by routine care patients = 1 + 0.25 + 0.6667 = 1.9167 hours Average time in ER for all patients = 0.25(3.25) + 0.75(1.9167) = 2.25 hours OR 2. In this case we have: Average Inventory = 20 + 5 + 10 + 10 = 45, Throughput = 20 per hour, Average flow time = 45 / 20 = 2.25 hours. Inventory turns can be calculated using financial statements by dividing COGS (R) by average inventory value (I), linking flow time (an operational measure) to financial measures. With a decrease in total assets (such as inventory, accounts receivable, and plant & equipment), return on assets (ROA) improves. Flow Time = Inv/COGSInv Turns= COGS/Inv

Synthetic Milk

Assessment of synthetic milk exposure to children of selected population in Uttar Pradesh, India Shuchi R. Bhatt1, Dr. Anita Singh2 and S. M. Bhatt3 (Abstract) The present study was carried out keeping in view the recently emerging concern of the adulteration of the natural milk with the synthetic milk. Synthetic milk is prepared by emulsifying vegetable oils with appropriate amount of detergent and urea. Samples of the natural milk with synthetic milk were analyzed for concentration of urea and detergent and their effect is assayed through survey in different population in Uttar Pradesh, India.Children’s had different range of intake of milk. Children of age group 1-5 years consumes about 50-250 mg of milk daily, while of age group 6-18 years of children consumes about 250-1000 ml milk/day and children’s of age group 19-22 consumes milk about 500-1000 ml milk /day. Addition of synthetic milk is on large scale in Meerut district of U. P. and mostly urea in such milk cre ating huge problem of headache, eyesight and diarrhea in children. Keywords: Milk adulteration; Synthetic milk, detection, urea 1.Research Scholar, Faculty of H. Sc, Sri. A. K. A. P. G. Collage Varanasi. 2. Head, Department of Food & Nutrition, Sri. Agrasen Kanya Autonomous P. G. College. Parmanandpur, Varanasi. 3. School of Biochemical Engineering, Institule of Technology B. H. U. Varanasi. Corresponding Author Email: [email  protected] co. in 1 Introduction Liquid milk is an essential nutritional food for infants as well as the aged. Adulteration of natural milk with a chemically synthesized milky liquid (synthetic milk) is a matter of serious concern.The dairy industry employs various checks these tests commonly include determination of fat and total solids by chemical or physical analyses; estimation of sediment by forcing milk through filter pads and noting the residue left; determination of Bacterial count and determination of freezing point etc. (Dean, 1985; Fox, 1992). How ever, most of these measurements are expensive and time consuming like measurement of conductance (Mebrook & Petty 2003 a and b; Willard et al 2003). Synthetic milk is an excellent imitation of natural milk.Milk fat is mimicked by vegetable oil; the nitrogen component in milk is mimicked by urea; detergents are added to make it frothy. This mixture is so expertly prepared that the specific gravity of the concocted milk is the same as natural buffalo milk. This mixture is then mixed with natural milk in varying proportions. Such milk can be processed into ‘‘value added’’ products which bring in a bigger profit. A recent Indian Council of Medical research (ICMR) report has suggested that such adulterated items have a cancerous effect on the human system and can lead to gradual impairment of the body.Milk is a complex mixture of water, lactose, fat, protein, minerals, and vitamins distributed throughout colloidal and soluble phases. Although the cow is the pri ncipal source of milk for human consumption in the United States and many other parts of the world (DePeters 1992). In India most milk is 2 obtained from the buffalo. The composition of milk from buffalo is water (82. 14%), fat (7. 44%), protein (4. 78%), lactose (4. 8%) and ash (0. 83%) (Rangappa & Achary, 1973).On average milk has optimum level of urea and other chemicals but due to habit of making huge profit there is on going malpractice of using synthetic milk in the original milk. Therefore there is need to work out regularly in different region of India to expose such malpractices and to check such malpractices adapted ignoring health concerns of people. The effect of urea on animal reproductive system has been carried out by Ropstad etal 1987. They reported that reproduction system and reproductive cycle in animals get badly affected by high concentration of urea.This work is carried out to expose and to increase the awareness among people to decline such malpractices adapte d, since it is difficult to detect such harmful adulterants in dangerous amount in household. One quick method describe in the article is to check the pH of the milk by pH paper (red turns blue) that is available freely and can’t be adjusted quickly at large scale. Material and method Survey Preschool (1-5 years) and school going (6-18 years) children in urban and rural area from different district of U. P. had been surveyed.A total of 365 household were surveyed in which 70 children’s were of age group 1-5 years, 150 children’s were of age group 6-18 years, and 145 children’s were of age group 19-22 years. Since it was household survey, the homemaker of the household was interviewed for intake of milk. The region of study selected was Varanasi, Bulandsahar, Meerut and Mathura. Thus, 365 individuals in urban area and 365 in rural area were surveyed. The milk were 3 collected from the household and tested for presence of urea and detergent. The frequency m ethod was employed for calculation.The survey includes consumption of milk/day, their effect on health such as headache, eyesight problem, and diarrhea. Also, 160 sample of the milk were collected from different local market, vendors, and stalls of Bulandsahar, Mathura, Meerut, and Varanasi. Qualitative analysis for urea detection Qualitative analysis for urea detection were done by the method describe below 1. Took 5 ml of milk in a test tube 2. Added 20 mg of Soya bean powder & 2 drops of 0. 5 % aqueous solution of Bromothymol blue. 3. Mixed the sample well. 4. The development of Blue colour after 10 min indicates the addition of urea the sample. 5.For confirmatory test was done by adding five ml of milk with 5 ml paradimethyl amino benzaldehyde (16%). If the solution turns yellow in colour, then the given sample of milk is added with urea. Quantitative analysis for urea detection A quantitative estimate of urea was carried out by preparing standard of urea and their pH variation and by utilizing Urease enzyme. For this we took 5 ml of milk in a test tube and added 0. 2 ml of urease (20 mg / ml) and centrifuged it well at room temperature. Now added 0. 1 ml of bromothymol blue solution (0. 5%). The appearance of blue colour after 10-15 min indicates the adulteration milk with urea.Urease can be obtained by adding 4 soybean slurry (source of urease prepared by soaking soybeans overnight or for 12 hours in water and grinding to prepare a slurry). (Dean J. A 1985) The OD of sample was taken in UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (ELICO double beam) at 420 nm. And pH was measured by pH meter using buffer sample set at pH 4. In the presence of urea the red litmus paper turns blue. Urea Standard Solution was prepared by following method – (a) Stock solution concentration was 5 mg / ml. Dissolved 50 gm reagent grade urea in water and dilute to 1 litre with water. b) Working solution was prepared by Pipetting 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 ml stock solution into 250 ml volumetric flask and dilute to volume with phosphate buffer. (c) Reference solution – standard solution was containing 1. 0 mg urea / 5 ml as reference standard. Figure caption Fig. 1 showing variation of pH with different concentration of urea Fig. 2 showing variation of urea and detergent in different region of Uttar Pradesh India Fig. 3 showing children affected by synthetic milk in different age group (a) Headache; (b) Eyesight ; and (c) Diarrhea. 5 Figures Urea 5 4 Urea % (w/v) 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 pH Fig. 1 showing variation of pH with different concentration of urea 60 Urban Rural % of Urea and detergent adultrants 50 40 30 20 10 0 Bulandsahar Mathura Meerut Varanasi Fig. 2 showing variation of urea and detergent in different region of Uttar Pradesh India 6 Headache 40 35 30 Urban Rural 60 50 Eye sight problem Urban Rural % of sample 25 20 15 10 5 0 1-5 6-18 19-22 % of sample 40 30 20 10 0 1-5 6-18 19-22 age group Age group (a) (b) % of children affected by problem of Diarrhea 60 50 Urban Rural % of total sample 40 30 20 10 0 1-5 6-18 19-22 Age group (c) Fig. showing children affected by synthetic milk in different age group (a) Headache; (b) Eyesight ; and (c) Diarrhea. 7 Tables Table-1 showing different constituents of milk CONSTITUENTS Water Lipid in emulion phase ( mixture of mixed triglecerides) Phospolipids ( lacithine, Cephaline, ) STEROLS carotenoids vit. A, D. E. K Protiens (Casein) B- Lactoglobulin Lactoalbumin Albumin, Psuedoglobulin etc Enzymes ( Catalase, Peroxidase, Amylase, Lipase, Protease) DESSOLVED MATERIALS Carbohydraetes Lactose Glocose ORGANIC AND INORGANIC ION & SALTS Calcium Phosphate Citrate Chloride, Sodium, Pottasium, Magnesium etc.Water soluble Vitamins Thiamin APPROX.. CONCENTRATION / LIT 860 TO 880 gms 30-50gms 0. 30 gms 0. 10 gms 25 gms 3 gms 0. 7gms 40-50 gms 50 mgs 1. 25 gms 2. 10 gms 2. 0 gms 1. 00 gms 0. 4 mg 1. 5 mg 8 Riboflavin Niacin Pyridoxin Pentothenic Acid Biotin Folic acid Chline (Total) Vit B12 inosi tol Ascorbic acid Nitrogenous material Ammonia Amino Acids Urea Creatine and Createnine Uric acid Gases Carbon dio Oxide Oxygen Nitrogen 0. 2 -1. 2 mg 0. 7mg 3. 0 mg 50 mg 1. 0 mg 150 mg 7. 0 mg 180 mg 20 gm 2-12 mg 3. 5 mg 100 mg 15 mg 7 mg Milk exposed to air 15 mg 7. mg 15 mg Copper, Iron, Rb, Trace element Li, Ba, Mn, Al, Zn, B, Co, I Occasionally Present Mc, Cr, Ag, Sn, Ti, 9 Table 2. Average Composition of milk Item Water Lactose Fat True Protein Crude Protein Casein Ash Other Average milk composition % 87. 00 4. 90 3. 70 3. 00 3. 10 2. 60 . 80 . 50 Table -3 showing average milk consumed by different age group Mean of Milk age (years) 1-5 years 6-18 years 19-22 years children consumed 70 150 145 156. 428 SD range 53. 78 50-250 500 274. 77 250-1000 800 224. 22 500-1000 10Table-4 Effect of urea on different age groups in urban area No. of Age group 1-5 years 6-18 19-22 children Headache Eye problem 70 150 145 nil 42 56 8 86 76 Digestion /diarrhea 32 86 76 normal 38 60 69 Table-5 Effect of urea on different age groups in rural area (365 samples) No. of Age group 1-5 years 6-18 19-22 children Headache Eye problem 70 150 145 nil 6 16 2 25 18 Digestion /diarrhea 16 25 18 normal 54 125 127 Table-6 Sample tested in rural area (sample tested 160) No. of sample 40 38 32 50 City >5% urea 5% urea

Supply and Demand of Online Music Streaming Essay - 1

Supply and Demand of Online Music Streaming - Essay Example Also, this mode of online streaming is much preferred over the illegal mods of accessing pirated versions of music because this is a legalized form of distribution. There are three main types of demands noted in the online streaming industry. The fans who prefer free audio show high relative elastic demand, the fans who are interested to pay a small amount of fees for streaming audio contents display a mild relative elastic demand in this industry and the fans who are interested to pay any amount for listening to their favourite audio contents account for the highly relative inelastic demand in the online streaming industry (Liebowitz, 2006). Not only the published contents but also electronic musical festivals which are difficult for every person to attend are seeing high popularity of online streaming, As the suppliers try to drive the prices of online streaming, this is also supported by the increasing demand of online streaming by different groups of fans. The market forces have shifted the demand curve towards a steeper trend because the changing landscapes of this industry and digital contents industry have made it favourable for online audio streaming (Krueger, 2005). Also, the increasing threat of content piracy to the considered industry has made the suppliers in this industry support the growth and popularity of online streaming of audio. The streaming of music festivals, rock concerts as well as live playing by musicians have seen an aggregate increase in demands over the recent years.

Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Law - Case Study Example the winner. Since football pools are meant for betting in favor one specific team or player, it comes under the definition of gambling. Section 6 (1) and (2) of the Gambling Act 2005 defines gaming in these words: Hence, the activity offered to Wilson is gambling, and does not come under the fold of sports at all. Consequently, the activity is illegal in the eyes of law and void agreement according to the statutes of Contract Act. There are two types of offer and acceptance to an agreements i.e. Express and Implied. Express offer or acceptance involves words, whether written or oral, and Implied form of agreement is considered on the basis of the performance of an act. Since, the cousin accepted the check from Sam, and did not protest against it, it means that he has accepted the terms and conditions of the offer made by Sam. Consequently, the cousin cannot claim any remedies against it, provided he accepted the terms and conditions of the agreement by receiving the check from the borrower i.e. Sam. Since Maureen could not seek any remedy against her supervisor, she had been under constant threat of sexual harassment, she could not get any solid or effective remedy against the harassment, she had to seek legal remedy from the court of law Since the management of Cameo Industries has established some rules within its workplace, they must have implemented these rules for the security and welfare of the staff members on the one hand, and for the growth and discipline of the organization on the other. The employment law, Lester (2001) argues, can and should play an important role in providing feasible ways for families to balance the conflicting demands of work and care-giving obligations, particularly as women continue to seek full participation in the workforce. Though the company had no powers to announce legal penalty to the

The Handsomest Drowned Man In The World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Handsomest Drowned Man In The World - Essay Example When they laid him on the floor they said he'd been taller than all other men because there was barely enough room for him in the house, but they thought that maybe the ability to keep on growing after death was part of the nature of certain drowned men. He had the smell of the sea about him and only his shape gave one to suppose that it was the corpse of a human being, because the skin was covered with a crust of mud and scales. They did not even have to clean off his face to know that the dead man was a stranger. The village was made up of only twenty-odd wooden houses that had stone courtyards with no flowers and which were spread about on the end of a desertlike cape. There was so little land that mothers always went about with the fear that the wind would carry off their children and the few dead that the years had caused among them had to be thrown off the cliffs. But the sea was calm and bountiful and all the men fitted into seven boats. So when they found the drowned man they simply had to look at one another to see that they were all there. That night they did not go out to work at sea. ... ed that the vegetation on him came from faraway oceans and deep water and that his clothes were in tatters, as if he had sailed through labyrinths of coral. They noticed too that he bore his death with pride, for he did not have the lonely look of other drowned men who came out of the sea or that haggard, needy look of men who drowned in rivers. But only when they finished cleaning him off did they become aware of the kind of man he was and it left them breathless. Not only was he the tallest, strongest, most virile, and best built man they had ever seen, but even though they were looking at him there was no room for him in their imagination. They could not find a bed in the village large enough to lay him on nor was there a table solid enough to use for his wake. The tallest men's holiday pants would not fit him, nor the fattest ones' Sunday shirts, nor the shoes of the one with the biggest feet. Fascinated by his huge size and his beauty, the women then decided to make him some pants from a large piece of sail and a shirt from some bridal linen so that he could continue through his death with dignity. As they sewed, sitting in a circle and gazing at the corpse between stitches, it seemed to them that the wind had never been so steady nor the sea so restless as on that night and they supposed that the change had something to do with the dead man. They thought that if that magnificent man had lived in the village, his house would have had the widest doors, the highest ceiling, and the strongest floor, his bedstead would have been made from a midship frame held together by iron bolts, and his wife would have been the happi est woman. They thought that he would have had so much authority that he could have drawn fish out of the sea simply by calling their names and that

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 15

Business Strategy - Essay Example strategic thinking is through brainstorming for new ideas and through the application of possibility thinking with an aim of developing strategic goals and direction .It is a way that has specific purposes and characteristics and a well-defined way of thinking. Studies conducted by the Wall Street Journal assert that corporations emphasized on strategic thinking as the skill they sought most after in an executive above other skills. Strategic thinking involves challenging assumptions that have been rooted in an industry, the ability to embrace change and current trends, visualizing as to the direction a company should take and providing leadership for the future. It also involves developing new opportunities that create value today and into the future. A strong foundation promoting critical thinking is important to facilitate the growth of any critical thinking platform. It should also be coupled with a deep understanding of the fundamental drivers affecting an organization and challenging the traditional way of thinking. Strategic thinking has been described as an imaginative strategy which is used to rewrite the rules relating to the competitive game and pursue the potential future by dealing with current realties and creating alignments. Strategic thinking main goal is to create strategies that are in alignment with the organization’s vision in order to gain a competitive edge over its competitors. Strategic intent is a statement by a company from high level management stating its desire to achieve its vision. It has been termed as a statement of design responsible for the creation of a better future and it is simply a company’s vision of what it aims to achieve in the long term. However, strategic intent must convey a sense of discovery, opportunity and direction that can be advantageous to the employees (Pitt 2001). It is not a fit exercise but a stretch exercise. This is because strategic intent formulates a picture of a customer’s daily routine and

Aspergers syndrome (autism) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aspergers syndrome (autism) - Research Paper Example Asperger Syndrome (AS) is an  autism spectrum  disorder that is characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests. It differs from other autism spectrum disorders by its relative preservation of  linguistic  and  cognitive development. It is a neurological disorder that can impair communication, socialization and behavior.   Symptom severity can range from mild to severe. For example, one child may intensely flap their arms to show excitement, another may display a smile under the same set of circumstances, while another child may sit in the corner and rock, leading the observer to believe that they may be incapable of showing or feeling emotion. It can become an overshadowing factor in every aspect of life, including education, establishing and maintaining relationships, responding to pain and discomfort, and even in the ability to express emotion. Out of every 10,000 children, Asperge r Syndrome is found in between 20 to 25 children, while Autism is only found in 4 out of 10,000 children, thus making Asperger Syndrome more common than autism (Fine, 2004).  Ã‚  Asperger Syndrome is diagnosed more frequently in males than females by a 4:1 margin (Fine, 2004). Asperger syndrome treatment attempts to manage distressing symptoms and to teach age-appropriate social, communication and vocational skills that are not naturally acquired during development  with intervention tailored to the needs of the individual based on multidisciplinary assessment. Thus, education is the primary form of treatment for this mysterious condition. This means that there are important responsibilities on schools, teachers and children's parents, as well as the other professionals who work with children with autism. Treatment Therapies for Autistic Children The training of  social skills  for more effective interpersonal interactions, Cognitive behavioral therapy  to improve  stres s management  relating to anxiety or explosive emotions, and to cut back on obsessive interests and repetitive routines, Medication, for coexisting conditions such as major depressive disorder and  anxiety disorder, Occupational  or  physical therapy  to assist with poor  sensory integration  and  motor coordination, Social communication  intervention, which is specialized  speech therapy  to help with the  pragmatics  of the give and take of normal conversation, The training and support of parents, particularly in behavioral techniques to use in the home. Classroom Issues Students with Asperger Syndrome have difficulties adjusting to different environments.  Ã‚  Many problems that students with Asperger Syndrome have in the classroom are the outcome of unanticipated alterations.  Ã‚  Changes that affect schedule, seating, activities, and teachers, may result in distress for the child.  Ã‚  Having to travel to different classrooms throughout the day, a factor in middle and high school, may affect the child greatly, mostly causing

The Anxiety of Writin. My Writing Habits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Anxiety of Writin. My Writing Habits - Essay Example I have many colleagues and class mates who seem to easily write their papers, and some even seem to enjoy the process of writing, but for me, it is a stupendous endeavor, and a task rather than an enjoying skill and an absorbing engagement. Through the writing of this personal essay, I not only plan to highlight my writing habits and manner, but also hope to discover what makes writing so hard for me, and what are the ways in which I can improve upon it. The kind of writing that I mostly am subjected to is academic and technical writing, owing to the classes and the courses that I have undertaken for my education. As a result, it is very formal in style, and needs to be authentic and properly referenced. Perhaps that is the reason for my dislike of this task. It is very difficult for me to get started in any paper. The beginning is often the hardest part of the paper for me. I tend to procrastinate and leave the actual act of writing for later; instead, I spend most of the time reading the source material and making notes. Although it is a good practice to thoroughly research the topic and make notes about it when writing academic papers, I make it an excuse for not doing the actual write-up. ... That might be one of the reasons for writing so many rough drafts first. Once I have copied the text on the computer from the notes that I have made, I leave it at that, without reading the final paper in order to find any mistakes that I might have made or any revisions that might be needed. Perhaps this is because I have exhausted myself writing the drafts, and typing the final paper is so much of a horror for me that once it is over, I do not have the heart or the nerve to go through the process of reading and revising again. Several times, due to my habit of not reading the final copy, I have ended my making many typing errors and grammatical mistakes which could have been easily avoided had I read the paper once. I believe the reason behind this is the fact that I get very conscious and nervous to get the facts write and to provide proper referencing to avoid plagiarism. This is essential when writing academic papers. I get very worried about the formalities of the paper, and in the process end up hating the actual practice of writing. I am more at ease when I am writing personal essays or fiction, which occurs rarely. However, I feel free to express myself then, without worrying about referencing and facts and figures. When writing fiction, I do not write a rough draft on a paper with pencil first; I type directly on the computer. Even if I feel the need to write a rough draft first, I ignore it, because I want to break free of the constraints of academic writing. Fiction writing gives me more opportunities to explore myself and my writing style, and to develop my interest in writing. Sometimes, I even happen to enjoy it, as long as I do not have to give it up for checking or review. This is because of my lack of confidence even as a fiction writer.

Financial Inclusion Essay Example for Free

Financial Inclusion Essay Role of Government in financial inclusion Abstract:- This research paper contains the full information about the financial inclusion of the world’s economic. In this research paper we describe the financial inclusion basic meaning, definitions, scope significance. Now we move towards the second phase which include role of government role of banks in financial inclusion. we also include the reforms that has been done by the government and the other government organizations . We also include the main article that has been given by the different ministers about financial inclusion its reform. Financial Inclusion Meaning: Financial inclusion is a policy adopted by many countries to include more people in the financial set up of the country. It aims at tackling poverty and deprivation in the country. In simple terms financial inclusion refers to making the finance or the financial/banking sector more accessible to people. For example: Debit cards, internet banking and direct debit facilities are now common, convenient and cheap ways of paying for goods and services. Yet there are still people who are excluded from using these services. People who are losing out as they are unable to take advantage of the benefits offered by the range of financial products available. In developing and poor countries like Bangladesh, Nepal, Afgan etc there are many people who do not even have a bank account or who are unable to take advantage of the loans and deposit benefits offered by banks due to various reasons like lack of knowledge, fear, lack of proximity etc. Today, personal debt is at a record igh and borrowing without a bank account means using high interest lenders. Many of the people in this position live in our poorest communities and find themselves without choice or access to basic financial services, making it even more difficult to find routes out of poverty. Defination: Financial Inclusion is the delivery of banking services at affordable costs to vast sections of disadvantaged and low income groups. Unrestrained access to public goods and servic es is the sine qua non of an open and efficient society. It is argued that as banking services are in the nature of public good, it is essential that availability of banking and payment services to the entire population without discrimination is the prime objective of public policy. The term Financial Inclusion has gained importance since the early 2000s, and is a result of findings about Financial Exclusion and its direct correlation to poverty. Financial Inclusion is now a common objective for many central banks among the developing nations. Financial Inclusion in India The Reserve Bank of India setup a commission (Khan Commission) in 2004 to look into Financial Inclusion and the recommendations of the commission were incorporated into the Mid-term review of the policy (2005-06). In the report RBI exhorted the banks with a view of achieving greater Financial Inclusion to make available a basic no-frills banking account. In India, Financial Inclusion first featured in 2005, when it was introduced, that, too, from a pilot project in UT of Pondicherry, by K C Chakraborthy, the chairman of Indian Bank. Mangalam Village became the first village in India where all households were provided banking facilities. In addition to this KYC (Know your Customer) norms were relaxed for people intending to open accounts with annual deposits of less than Rs. 50, 000. General Credit Cards (GCC) were issued to the poor and the disadvantaged with a view to help them access easy credit. In January 2006, the Reserve Bank permitted commercial banks to make use of the services of non-governmental organizations (NGOs/SHGs), micro-finance institutions and other civil society organizations as intermediaries for providing financial and banking ervices. These intermediaries could be used as business facilitators (BF) or business correspondents (BC) by commercial banks. The bank asked the commercial banks in different regions to start a 100% Financial Inclusion campaign on a pilot basis. As a result of the campaign states or U. T. s like Puducherry, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala have announced 100% financial in clusion in all their districts. Reserve Bank of India’s vision for 2020 is to open nearly 600 million new customers accounts and service them through a variety of channels by leveraging on IT. However, illiteracy and the low income savings and lack of bank branches in rural areas continue to be a road block to financial inclusion in many states. Apart from this there are certain in Current model which is followed. There is inadequate legal and financial structure. India being a mostly agrarian economy hardly has schemes which lend for agriculture. Along with Microfinance we need to focus on Micro insurance too. The scope of financial inclusion The scope of financial inclusion can be expanded in two ways. ) through state-driven intervention by way of statutory enactments ( for instance the US example, the Community Reinvestment Act and making it a statutory right to have bank account in France). b) through voluntary effort by the banking community itself for evolving various strategies to bring within the ambit of the banking sector the large strata of society. When bankers do not give the desired attention to certain areas, the regulators have to step in to remedy the situ ation. This is the reason why the Reserve Bank of India is placing a lot of emphasis on financial inclusion. In India the focus of the financial inclusion at present is confined to ensuring a bare minimum access to a savings bank account without frills, to all. Internationally, the financial exclusion has been viewed in a much wider perspective. Having a current account / savings account on its own, is not regarded as an accurate indicator of financial inclusion. There could be multiple levels of financial inclusion and exclusion. At one extreme, it is possible to identify the ‘super-included’, i. e. , those customers who are actively and persistently courted by the financial ervices industry, and who have at their disposal a wide range of financial services and products. At the other extreme, we may have the financially excluded, who are denied access to even the most basic of financial products. In between are those who use the banking services only for deposits and withdrawals of money. But these persons may have only restricted access to the financial system, and may not en joy the flexibility of access offered to more affluent customers. Steps towards financial inclusion

Business Ethics And Social Responsibility Management Essay

Business Ethics And Social Responsibility Management Essay Capitalism is often said the most selfish economic system but what usually is forgotten is that the very base of capitalism, the very foundation is based on ethics, morality and laws. Yes the system might seem to be fair but within that system, there is the paramount place for utility and protection of private property. This very fact makes ethics indispensable to the core ideology. It is unfair to take somebody elses property (an often repeated rule of capitalism), one can not force another person to work against ones will (another virtue of capitalism) , all point out to the special role ethics has played in the field of business and commerce. The whole modern day structure of commerce, business and trade is based on the unwritten and often vague principles of Ethics and moral behaviour. The point can well be taken forward by looking at the concept of externalities in business today. The point will be explained further by analyzing case studies of individual companies, today we live in an integrated society where no one person is isolated from the actions of the other. If today steel companies are producing pollution, then they are bringing trouble on themselves since they are polluting the environment they themselves breathe in. The harmful effects of pollution are global. This precisely is the concept of negative externalities. Ethics command us not to pollute the environment, modern day welfare Economics, directs us to the exact same. Now that we have established a firm base for ethics by use of modern day welfare economics, we continue to define what Business ethics are and what does the term corporate social responsibility mean. Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and business organizations as a whole. Applied ethics is a field of ethics that deals with ethical questions in many fields such as medical, technical, legal and business ethics. Further the practice of using ethics to make tough business decisions is known as ethicism and is increasingly gaining in popularity showing the kind of attention ethics is getting today. Professor Reshma Prasad says that firms can often gain super-normal profits by acting in an unethical fashion but sooner or later such behaviour does have its negative impact as well. Business ethics can be both a normative and a descriptive discipline. As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily normative. In academia descriptive approaches are also taken. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the degree to which business is perceived to be at odds with non-economic social values. Historically, interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia. For example, today most major corporate websites lay emphasis on commitment to promoting non-economic social values under a variety of headings (e.g. ethics codes, social responsibility charters). In some cases, corporations have redefined their core values in the light of business ethical considerations. Types of Managerial Ethics Archie B. Carroll, an eminent researcher, identified three types of management ethics, depending on the extent to which the decisions were ethical or moral: moral management amoral management immoral management Types of Managerial Ethics 1) Moral management Moral management strives to follow ethical principles and doctrines. Moral managers work to succeed without violating any ethical standards. They seek to succeed remaining within the bounds of laws. Such managers undertake such activities which ensure that though they may engage in legal and ethical behavior, they also continue to make a profit. The law should be followed not only in letter but also in spirit. Moral managers always seek to determine whether their actions, behavior or decisions are fair to themselves as well as to all other stakeholders involved. In the long run, this approach is likely to be in the best interests of the organizations. 2) Amoral management This approach is neither immoral nor moral. Amoral management simply ignores ethical considerations. It is broadly categorized into two types intentional and unintentional. Intentional amoral managers do not take ethical issues into consideration while making decisions or while taking any action, because in their perception, general ethical standards should only be applicable to the non-business areas of life. Unintentional amoral managers, however, do not even consider the moral implications of their decisions or actions. Amoral managers pursue profitability as the only goal and pay very little attention to the impact on any of their social stakeholders. They do not like to interfere in their employees activities, unless their behavior can lead to government interference. The guiding principle of amoral management is Within the law of the land, will this action, decision, or behavior help us make money? 3) Immoral management Immoral management not only ignores ethical concerns but it also actively opposes the ethical behavior. Organizations with immoral management are characterized by: Total concern for profits of the organization only. Strong inclination to minimize the expenditure. Laws are regarded as hurdles that should be removed or eliminated. Stress on profits and organization success at any cost. The basic principle governing immoral management is: Can we make money with this Action, decision, or behavior? Thus, ethical considerations are immaterial. Coming now to corporate social responsibility. A formal definition by Ravindran- CORPORATE social responsibility (CSR) is a concept that frequently overlaps with similar approaches such as corporate sustainability, corporate sustainable development, corporate responsibility, and corporate citizenship. While CSR does not have a universal definition, many see it as the private sectors way of integrating the economic, social, and environmental imperatives of their activities. CSR can be seen both in a positive light as well as some are more sceptical about the efforts that modern day firms undertake in the name of CSR. Different organisations have framed in the past different definitions, although there is considerable common ground between them. For instance, it is largely agreed largely that CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. So by balancing profits with an overall understanding and awareness of the short- and long-term consequences of an organisations activities on the environment and community, a company can help to ensure that future generations not only enjoy its products but also the environment. The paper will extensively analyze both the positive and negative effects of CSR initiatives. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY CSR. is a concept that states that organizations, especially corporations, have an obligation to consider the interests of customers, employees, shareholders, communities, and ecological considerations in all aspects of their operations. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into the business model and day-to-day operations of the company. CSR policy gives a self-regulating framework whereby a business monitors and ensures its adherence to law, ethical standards, environmental norms and morality. CSR is a concept that frequently overlaps with similar approaches such as corporate sustainability, corporate responsibility, corporate sustainable development and corporate citizenship.In addition to integration into corporate structures and processes, CSR also frequently involves creating innovative and proactive solutions to societal and environmental challenges, as well as collaborating with both external and internal stakeholders to impr ove CSR performance. From a business perspective, CSR involves focusing on new opportunities as a way to respond to interrelated societal, social and environmental demands in the market.  CSR is  generally  seen as the business contribution to sustainable development which has been defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, and is generally understood focusing on how to achieve the integration of environmental, economic and social imperatives. CSR commitments and activities typically address aspects of a firms behavior (including its policies and practices) with respect to such key elements as; environmental protection, health and safety, human rights, community development, corporate governance and consumer protection business ethics, supplier relations, labor protection, and stakeholder rights Relevance of Corporate Social Responsibility In the present corporate arena every company aims at long-term, sustained growth for its business. How does the growth trajectory of a business becomes long-term and sustained ? This happens when in future the supply of customers is assured. It is imperative that the company invests now to assure this future supply of customers. Thus, it is important that the company invests in the society because from the society forms the base from which its future customers will come. For long-term success, investment in the society is the most profitable investment a company can make. Moreover, there is a marked change in the way consumers buy their products and services. They engage in a cultural and ethical audit of the producers. They are eager to know how the company treats its employees, whether the company is sensitive to societal needs, issues etc. A company having a good history of positive contribution to the society gains an edge over other companies, thus enhancing the buy-ability of their product or service. In other words a producer having a good reputation in terms of adherence to ethics and morals has higher probability of scoring over other producers. In crowded markets, companies strive for the mindshare of the consumers by offering them a unique selling proposition that separates them from the competition in the minds of consumers, through social endeavours. Corporate Social Responsibility plays a vital role in building customer loyalty based on distinctive ethical values. CSR initiatives also enhance the reputation of the company as an employer. A CSR programme can be an aid to recruitment and retention, particularly within a competitive market where companies vie for the best of minds and talents. Potential recruits often eager to know the firms CSR policy and history as an employer during an interview. Having an active and comprehensive policy can give an advantage to the employer and positively differentiates the company in the eyes of the potential recruits. CSR can also help improve the image of a company among its present employees.CSR initiatives targeted towards the current employees sends positive signals to them, contributing to the environment of mutual respect and understanding between the management and the employees. Consumers and society in general expect more from the companies whose products they buy. This sense has increased in the light of recent corporate scandals, which reduced public trust of corporations, and reduced public confidence in the ability of regulatory bodies and organizations to control corporate excess. Hence, the impact of business clearly extends beyond the company and the market to society as whole. Apart from profitability, it is important that the company considers the ethical, moral, environmental, legal and social context of its activities. Businesses need to take responsibility for the impact of their activities on the environment, local population, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. The implication for the corporate sector is to strike a balance between profitability and social consciousness and sensitivity. The inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-making and business model is very important in the present corporate landscape. Positive Aspects of CSR CSR is an important business strategy because, everyone wants to associate with a partner they can trust. Customers want to buy products from companies they trust; suppliers want to form alliances with corporations they can rely on; employees want to work for companies they respect; and governments, increasingly, want to work with companies seeking feasible solutions and innovations in areas of common concern. Satisfying each of these stakeholder groups allows companies to maximize their commitment to another important stakeholder group-their investors, who benefit most when the needs of these other stakeholder groups are being met. Having a positive social image has its costs as companies have to invest in various endeavours but it pays in the long run. The businesses most likely to succeed in the globalizing world will be those best able to combine the often conflicting interests of its multiple stakeholders, and incorporate a wider spectrum of opinions and values within the decision-making process and objectives of the organization. We take two cases where years of CSR investments and adherence to societal norms helped corporations tide over crisis situations. Johnson Johnson British Petroleum Johnson Johnsons Tylenol Case Johnson Johnsons transparent handling of the crisis facing its Tylenol brand in 1982 is widely heralded as the model case in the area of crisis management. The company could make it possible through years of adherence to ethics and societal norms which were reflected in its CSR policies . The worldwide success of Johnson Johnson is widely attributed to its business philosophy. Robert Wood Johnson II first articulated this business philosophy in 1943 called The Johnson Johnsons Credo. In 1982 and 1986 Johnson Johnsons Tylenol acetaminophen was adulterated with cyanide and used as a murder weapon. During the crisis Johnson Johnsons managers and employees made countless decisions that were inspired by the philosophy embedded in the credo. Tylenol was immediately cleared from store shelves and the company was proactive and open in addressing each crisis. JJ went far and above what had previously been expected of corporations in such situations, instigating a $100 million re-call of 31 million bottles of the drug following a suspected poisoning/product tampering incident. In acting in the way it did, JJ saved the Tylenol brand, enabling it to remain a strong revenue earner for the company to this day. British Petroleum This example illustrates how investment in CSR initiatives can help a company gain the trust of the society . BP, with a $200 million re-branding exercise, has effectively re-positioned itself as the most environmentally sound and socially responsible of the extraction companies. The company stands in stark contrast today with Exxon Mobil that faces on-going NGO attacks, consumer boycotts, and activist-led litigation because of its decision to fight the environmental movement, and its failure to recognize the wider importance of CSR as a corporate strategy. Questionable CSR A counter view to the conventional one is that companies undertake CSR initiatives to distract the public from ethical questions that are posed by the fundamental operations of that company. Companys sole motive is to make profits and hence they start CSR programmes for brand building and in turn help achieve their corporate objective. Also by funding certain specific projects they also build reputation with government officials who in turn are obliged to favor them. Many firms claim to be committed towards sustainable development whereas their core business is a threat in itself. An example could be the hypocrisy of Ford. Although CSR issues aim at raising awareness of social and environmental issues no company changes its business model. Ford has a stance on reduction of greenhouse gases whereas their profits come from trucks and SUVs. Many companies have failed due to pursuit of unethical practices. An example of the same is satyam and Enron. Such companies CSR statements are only phony promises and their vested interests are the main reason for entering this corporate social sphere. To make companies behave in an ethical and socially responsible manner laws would have to be enforced. Corporate hypocrisy and sincerity needs to be addressed by making regulations and policies binding. We have taken two successful companies and analyzed their CSR initiatives and practices followed: British American Tobacco Dealing with the hypocrisy of the stance that organizations take Wal-Mart The unethical practices that are followed and how regulation can play an instrumental role in checking these undesirable activities British American Tobacco A major fiasco resulted as a revelation of the fact that the worlds second largest tobacco company masks the damage it causes to health, development and the environment in the garb of corporate social responsibility. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) was tried to be blocked by the top BAT executives .They tried to win political influence in Africa by using their support for AIDS prevention as a tool. They used tobacco industry research information to negate the findings of WHO regarding the harmful effects of secondhand smoke. BATs donation of HK$300,000 in 1992 to repair the Haizhou Bridge in Guangzhou province of China obliged the officialdom and helped establish. In 2005 BAT profits were greater than  £2.7 billion a year from a 15 per cent share of the world tobacco market. The total number of deaths due to tobacco related diseases was about 5 million. This implies BATs 300 brands of cigarettes that were sold in 180 countries caused three-quarters of a million premature deaths. ASH Director Deborah Arnott said: Tobacco firms like BAT hide behind glossy reports and boast of Corporate Social Responsibility. But this report shows the cynicism and deceit behind the public face. It should be read by decision-makers, campaigners and health professionals in every country where BAT seeks sales. Companies like BAT offer the ultimate devils bargain. When they enter developing countries in search of new markets, they come with a smile a handshake and an open cheque book. But they leave behind nothing but a trail of addiction, misery and death. The various CSR initiatives taken were: A clinic for the diagnosis of disease Accommodation for the homeless Arts and educational projects Such programmes win allies in local markets and also open doors of politicians and regulators. Impact on developing world: The regulations in poorer countries are weak and by helping to a little extent the companies oblige politicians and in turn they win favors and can easily establish themselves. Hence stringent regulations are required to prevent this exploitation. Wal-Mart Wal-Mart is one of the largest private employers in the US. The sheer size and magnanimity of the company allows it to follow certain unethical processes as the laws against them are also not very stringent. Some of the controversies surrounding Wal-Mart are: Many employees having children working here live below the poverty line. Wal-Mart portrays itself as a company selling U.S. manufactured goods but in reality it utilizes products made in foreign countries and at questionable workshops. As a result of the cost advantage it gets it throws some of the competition out. Unethical business practices that this company follows include: Labor Union Opposition: Wal-Mart claims to follow open door policy but its effectiveness in Wal-Mart is questionable. It is a non union organization and hence this structure helps the company have a no complaint system. Third party intervention is not desired. Employees are provided lower wages than unionized corporations and as a result end up quitting by the end of the first year. The employees are prohibited to talk to union representatives. This is unethical as according to the National Labor Relations Act, employers cannot discourage employees from forming a union for they have that right. Cases were filed against Wal-Mart United Food and Commercial Workers Union filed a complaint with the National Labor Relations Board against Wal-Mart. National Labor Relations Board alleged that Wal-Mart violated federal labor law as it bribed employees to report on co-workers who favored a union. (www.washingtonpost) Unfair Treatment of Employees: June 2001 Six Wal-Mart female employees filed a sex discrimination lawsuit. Women were not being trained or given promotions. Also they were underpaid as compared to their male counterparts. Discrimination on basis of gender was prevalent. Hence women were being treated in an undignified and disrespectful way. (www.arkansasnews.com) . Later in lieu of the given events Wal-Mart introduced workplace diversity initiatives to promote equality. Wages were very low compared to prevalent rates .They wanted to continue offering low prices to customers hence did not want to increase operating costs. Due to this the wages were kept low. Wal-Marts health insurance was very expensive and some of the employees could not even afford to pay for it. Case was filed against Wal-Mart as it did not pay employees more for overtime. Wal-Mart used illegal immigrants as workers to reduce costs. In October 2003 hundreds of illegal immigrants employed were uncovered. Companies have to spot ethical and unethical practices otherwise they would loose their reputation in the market. CONCLUSION Corporations today are best positioned when they reflect the values of the constantly shifting and sensitive market environment in which they operate. It is vital that they are capable of meeting the needs of an increasingly demanding and socially-aware consumer market, especially as brands move front and center of a firms total value. Global firms with global lifestyle brands have the most to lose if the public perception of the brand fails to live up to the image portrayed. Integrating a complete social perspective into all aspects of operations will maximize true value and benefit for an organization, while protecting the huge investments companies make in corporate brands. Along with the social responsibility, comes the opportunity to convert these social initiatives into tangible results namely profits. An organization should look what amount of value the project can give back to the organization. A social cost benefit analysis can give the organization a fair idea about what kind of rewards the initiative can generate for the organization. Thus an organization can decide on the initiatives taking into consideration these various factors.

Modernization Program Project Management

Modernization Program Project Management Interrelated duties or tasks implemented within a certain time in a fixed period on a certain cost with other limitations following a certain strategy is known as project (Dictionary.com (2016), occasionally these projects have been outsourced to a specialized outsourcing companies which are specialized in project management, in order to maximize their efficiency within available resources. Being employed by a consultancy firm, I have been given a task to complete a consultancy report so the company can reemploy and execute its Modernization Program. The report will help to identify and rectify the best abilities being executed on the basis of the detailed set of the tasks explained in this report. All the analysis and the evaluation of the said program to cover all the aspects of the execution will be provided. The relationship between the firm and Remploy will be strengthened by implemented the required changes. Reason The general objective of this venture is to modernize Remploy processing plants that are being worked by debilitated individuals to limit operational cost. Another objective is to augment the general effectiveness of all Remploy manufacturing plants by diminishing the reliance on individuals and limiting general blunders that may happen. The change must be made in a manner that the representatives dont feel constrained or debilitated by this modernization. The extent must be finished inside the given spending plan.[G9][G10] Employees must be acceptable, moved and remuneration must be given to the individuals who are not willing to acknowledge this change.[G11][G12] To guarantee that Remploy and its representatives are happy with the general execution of the program. This must be done gently. Scope Remploy is in charge of the work of crippled individuals all through the Assembled Kingdom. This includes extraordinary abilities with a specific end goal to handle incapacitated individuals and help their reintegration in the general public. Remploy has been practical since the finish of World War II and from that point forward they have been in charge of making and giving employments to a large number of impaired individuals. Through this modernization program, Remploy means to make more occupations and increment the number of individuals utilized while keeping the spending restricted. This has been remembered and a Gantt diagram has been made to meet the given time span of the venture.[G13][G14][G15] An exhaustive arrangement has additionally been set up to guarantee a smooth and simple move of Remploy to a more current working environment. This reintegration is aided by the given spending plan on which light will be shed also in this report. Objectives The program plan for this report diagrams the essential undertakings that will be required to start, arrange and execute the program for Remploy. This will likewise incorporate a definite design of the arranging of the program which will be the urgent piece of this program. All dates are well thought and plainly named. Gantt Chart S. No Task Number Task Name Start Date End Date Duration 1 1 Initialization of the program[G17] 2/1/2017 26/1/2017 20 days 2 1.1 Scope definition 2/1/2017 7/1/2017 6 days 3 1.2 Identification of roles 10/1/2017 15/1/2017 6 days 4 1.3 Finalization and Gain of approval 17/1/2017 26/1/2017 8 days 5 2 Planning of the project 27/1/2017 24/4/2017 62 days 6 2.1 Development of a plan 27/1/2017 16/3/2017 35 days 7 2.1.1 Work breakdown structure development 27/1/2017 7/2/2017 8 days 8 2.1.2 Program staffing plan 8/2/2017 16/2/2017 7 days 9 2.1.3 Program schedule plan 17/2/2017 2/3/2017 10 days 10 2.1.4 Project budget development 3/3/2017 16/3/2017 10 days 11 2.2 Project Control Plan Development 17/3/2017 24/4/2017 27 days 12 2.2.1 Technical assistance development 17/3/2017 28/3/2017 8 days 13 2.2.2 Quality management plan 29/3/2017 6/4/2017 7 days 14 2.2.3 Contingency management plan 7/4/2017 17/4/2017 7 days 15 2.3 Finalization and Gain of approval 18/4/2017 24/4/2017 5 days 16 3 Execution of the Project 25/4/2017 25/4/2021 1044 days 17 3.1 Phase One 18 3.2 Phase Two 19 3.3 Phase Three The program plan for this report diagrams the essential tasks that will be required to start, arrange and execute the program for Remploy. This will likewise incorporate a nitty gritty design of the arranging of the program which will be the critical piece of this program. All dates are well thought and plainly marked. The execution of the project will be done in three basic stages that have been estimated to take around 3-4 years depending on the number of working days and the efficiency of execution. The stages are in line with the case study of Remploy which breaks it down to its core levels. The manpower to be used has not been highlighted in the chart due to its vast and immense execution. This will need a more thoroughly thought plan to be done during the planning phase of the program. The execution phases have been described below: Phase 1 Closing of sites that have been selected for the program Transfer of employees and equipment to a new site Phase 2 Reintegration of employees in the new environment Restarting business in the new sites using transferred equipment and employees Phase 3 Help change the mindset of employees and speed up the progress of business by helping them settle down in the new environment Ensure that the business operates competitively and efficiently with the market and all legislations are satisfied COST ESTIMATION A comprehensive budget provides management with an understanding of how funds will be utilized and expanded over time for projects or operations (Insight ®, 1997). [G18]The budget for the five-year plan has been set around 555[G19] million pounds by the department of work and pension. The Minister for disabled people had set out this budget in order to reduce costs by modernization and helping disabled people compete with the competitive market. The breakdown of this budget is shown below. It should be kept in mind that Remploy is responsible for 84 factories that need to be modernized and employees relocated, therefore, the execution of the project is bound to use the maximum amount of [G20][G21]allotted money. The amount of money that remains can be used to compensate and make up for any damage that may be incurred during the implementation of the project.[G22] Task No. Item Cost (GBP) 1 Initialization of the project 100,000 1.1 Identification and Development of personnel 100,000 2 Planning of the program[G23] 11,000,000 2.1 Development of a plan 500,000 2.2 Development of project control plan 500,000 2.3 Finalization of the program[G24] 100,000 3 Execution of the program[G25] 268,000,000 3.1 Phase one 168,000,000 3.2 Phase two 50,000,000 3.3 Phase three 50,000,000 Total 279,100,000 Advantage administration arranges required to determine the advantages that will be conveyed by the usage of a venture or a program (Benefit administration arrange layout activity, 2015). In this report, an intensive advantage administration arrange has been created to guarantee that the turning points are unmistakably delineated and distinguished to guarantee that the program is on track with its encouraging. Without an advantages administration program, this report would pass up a great opportunity for one of the vital elements that should be distinguished and fill in as a reason for the execution of the program. One such advantage and encouraging to accomplishment have been laid out in the table beneath while utilizing key execution pointer as a help screen the viable use of accomplishing business destinations (Inc, 2016).[G26] BENEFIT: Reduction in operational cost KPI: Liquidity and cash flow improvement Measure Baseline Value (dd/mm/yyyy) Target Value (dd/mm/yyyy) Interim target No Source Monthly cost Reporting Forum Bi-monthly report Start date Frequency Every two months End date When will reporting finish (dd/mm/yy)?[G27] Responsibility for reporting Name Position Factory supervisor Organisation Remploy Dangers are constantly present when the usage of another program is considered. This hazard must be imagined and distinguished by the venture administration group to guarantee that the administration can handle and moderate any dangers without bringing on any money related weight. The dangers distinguished are ordinarily overseen by the firm all through the usefulness of the firm which makes is simpler for them to be taken care of. As a specialist, we are pleased with our capacity to prepare for time and deal with the program at each progression of the arrangement.[G28][G29][G30] Risk Risk Level Likelihood Mitigation Strategy Hours per person High Certain A comprehensive management approach must be applied Programme Schedule High Certain Strict policy of implementation and extra days kept for delays and losses Project deliverables Low Likely to some extent Deliverables are clear to all parties. Will be reinforced from time to time Lack of commitment Low Unlikely Team is motivated to ensure a smooth transition Media and Political pressure Medium Uncertain Constant update and communication with stakeholders and media personnel Loss of individuals Low Unlikely Retention and bonus payments provided to key individuals to keep them motivated Partner administration is the way toward dealing with the desire of any individual who has an enthusiasm for a venture or will be influenced by it and is a key initiative instrument. At the point when there is a cognizant and organized drawn nearer, partner administration secures the possession and responsibility fundamental for conveying changes (Board, no date). The accompanying graphs portray the partner administration and correspondence arranges altogether [G31]that will be actualized to guarantee that correspondence between the venture administration group and the group of Remploy will be all around educated at all time. Stakeholders need to be identified and informed about the processes going on within the program. These stakeholders are as following: Project management consultant HR team of Remploy Remploy financial experts Remploy operational expert Remploy management Equipment suppliers Office of Minister for disabled persons Equipment suppliers and contractors Employees of Remploy The following matrix shows the distribution of the above-mentioned stakeholders for the modernization program to be implemented by Remploy.   Ã‚   Introduction According to Management Guide.com, a project management framework is a subset of tasks, tools, and templates used in combination by the team to envision the major elements of the projects which ar[G34]e needed to initiate a program (Guide, 2010). These elements ensure that the resources such as money, employees, equipment and time are used to their maximum potential by efficient planning, implementation, and control. This ensures that the deliverables of the project are achieved on time which helps the overall p[G35]rogress of the program. There are numerous frameworks that are used in the business world today which are there to aid the project management team to work their way around a project. These frameworks include the Risk management framework, Change management frame[G36]work, Process based management framework and lean management framework. It is not easy to decide which framework to work with since there are numerous businesses with multiple deliverables and no framework is proven to produce the best result. Two or more frameworks can sometimes be merged by a manager depending on their requirements. Two frameworks that will be discussed for this project are Change management framework and Risk management framework. The advantages, disadvantages and critical analysis of each framework are discussed below. CRITICAL JUSTIFICATION Risk Management framework Risk management framework identifies the risks involved in the project with respect to stakeholders and provides a detailed analysis of each risk. The risk management framework is widely used due to its vast application and capability of mitigating risks related to a project. The disadvantage of using this framework especially for this Modernization program would be the huge amount of expertise required to calculate and analyze all risks involved with the project. Since the program is scheduled to be implemented in five years, this can cause an, even more, uncertainty which would increase the cost related to expertise.[G37][G38][G39] Change Management framework Chance administration system distinguishes the dangers required in the venture as for partners and gives a point by point examination of each hazard. The hazard administration structure is broadly utilized because of its immense application and ability of moderating dangers identified with a venture. The detriment of utilizing this structure particularly for this Modernization program would be the enormous measure of ability required to compete and break down all dangers required with the venture. Since the program is planned to be actualized in five years, this can bring about a significantly more instability which would build the cost identified with skill.[G40][G41] Reflection and Conclusion (2016) in Available at: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/project.html (Accessed: 18 December 2016). Insight ®, P. (1997) Project management and the comprehensive project budget. Available at: http://www.projectinsight.net/project-management-basics/basic-project-budget (Accessed: 19 December 2016). Benefit management plan template initiative (2015) Available at: http://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/Publications/Investment-planning-and-evaluation-publications/Investment-management/Benefit-management-plan-template-Initiative (Accessed: 19 December 2016). Bourda, F. (no date) Tata Consultancy Services. Available at: http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/White%20Papers/EntSol-Whitepaper-Stakeholder-Management-0713-1.pdf (Accessed: 19 December 2016). Inc, K. (2016) KPI examples. Available at: https://www.klipfolio.com/resources/kpi-examples#gref (Accessed: 19 December 2016). Guide, M.M. (2010) Project management framework: Definition and basic elements. Available at: http://www.mymanagementguide.com/project-management-framework-definition-and-elements/ (Accessed: 19 December 2016). Unknown (2010) Change management framework work process improvement Charles Sturt university. Available at: http://www.csu.edu.au/special/wpp/resources/change-management-framework (Accessed: 19 December 2016). 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