Use of the Single Effect in A Cask of Amontillado Essay -- Cask Amonti

Use of the Single Effect in A Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe's "A Cask of Amontillado" is perhaps the most famous tale of terror ever written. Montresor, the story's narrator, leads the reader through his revenge on Fortunato. Montresor entices Fortunato into the dark recesses of the family catacombs with the promise of a very fine wine. At the climax of the story, Montresor shackles Fortunato to a wall and seals him away forever behind brick and mortar. In all of Poe's short stories he attempts to convey "a certain unique or single effect." "A Cask of Amontillado" expresses its dark view of human intention by using elements of irony, foreshadowing, and metaphor. The first person point of view also lends itself to an exploration of the inner secrets of Montresor. The major theme in the story is the deep hatred buried within the outwardly congenial Montresor. This makes it vital that the story be told with Montresor's thoughts known to the reader. The tale simply would not work if it were told from Fortunato's point of view, or from a dramatic/objective angle. An omniscient view would function, but by knowing only Montresor's thoughts the reader develops a trust in him, and this causes the story's theme to have a more personal effect on the reader. "A Cask of Amontillado" is replete with ironic statements and situations. Fortunato's very name is ironic given his horrific fate. At the beginning of the story, when Montresor divulges his theories on proper revenge, he says, "A wrong is unredressed when retibution overtakes its redresser." This is ironic (and a bit amusing) as Montresor is utterly consumed by his hatred of Fortunato. Then, during their descent into the catacombs, Montresor tries several times to con... ...ontresor's sociable facade, then the catacombs below symbolize the hate within him. Poe gives explicit descriptions fo the foul caverns. They are "insufferably damp . . . encrusted with nitre." The "founess of the air" nearly extinguishes their torches. Poe describes the "white web-work which gleams from these cavern walls." Clearly Poe's desired efect is to expose the evil that consumes from within. Each of the literary devices used in "A Cask of Amontillado" serves to reinforce Poe's single effect. As Poe himself says in "The Importance of the Single Effect in a Prose Tale," an author "invents such incidents--he then combines such events as may best aid him in establishing this preconceived effect." The use of the first person perspective along with some irony, foreshadowing, and metaphor aid the delivery of Poe's single effect in "A Cask of Amontillado."

Separation And Linking Of Contractual Arrangements Accounting Essay

Measurement standards explained under IAS-18, to assist the users of the fiscal statements in better application and proper apprehension. A coverage entity should mensurate gross originating from an addition in the assets or a lessening in its liabilities or the net consequence of their combination at the just value of that addition or lessening. Gross should be measured at the just value of the consideration received or receivable. For a hard currency sale, the gross is the immediate returns of sale. For a recognition sale, the gross is the awaited hard currency receivable. If the consequence of the clip value of money is material, the gross should be discounted to show value. Gross excludes gross revenues revenue enhancements and similar points because these are non economic benefits for the entity.Gross from the sale of goodsThe gross revenues of goods should be recognised as gross after the undermentioned conditions are satisfied. The important hazards and wagess have been transferred from marketer to purchaser. Managements and control of the trade goods is non retained by the marketer. The dealing sum of the goods can be measured faithfully. The economic benefit of goods related dealing will flux to the marketer. The cost incurred or to be incurred can be measured faithfully.Gross from servicesThe acknowledgment of services rendered is measured in conformity with the phase of completion. The undermentioned conditions must be satisfied. The gross can be measured faithfully. The economic benefit of the dealing will likely flux to the supplier. The completion phase can be measured faithfully at the coverage day of the month. The costs incurred and the cost to finish can be measured faithfully. When these conditions are non met, the gross should be restricted to recoverable merely and the remainder should reflect as unrecoverable debts or commissariats for unrecoverable debts in the fiscal statements.Interest, Royalties and DividendsGross received from these beginnings should merely be recognised when they have been measured accurately and the reception from it is likely. gross should be recognised as follows. Interest should be estimated on a clip apportion footing where necessary, taking into history the effectual output of the plus. Royalties are accrued in conformity with the relevant contract. Dividends are recognised when they are declared and when the stockholder # s right to have payment is established.Examples in using gross acknowledgment through a series of mini instance surveiesExample 1On 1st October in the current twelvemonth, a private tuition supplier enrols a pupil on a six-month class. Lectures are held on a regular basis every hebdomad over the whole six-month period. The tuition fees are $ 6000 and one time paid is non-refundable. All books and stuff have to be purchased individually. The pupil pays a first episode of $ 3000 prior to the beginning of the class, and the balance of $ 3000 in six, $ 500 monthly episodes. The tuition supplier has a fiscal year-end of 31 December and proposes to recognize gross in the fiscal statements on a hard currency reception footing. At the twelvemonth terminal, the three monthly episode due have been received.Required:Tuition supplier should be advised on the right accounting intervention for this dealing.Answer to Example 1At 31 December, it is necessary to find how much gross is to be recognised in regard of the proviso of tuition, i.e. in the sale of a service. The proposal is to recognize gross of $ 4500, this being the hard currency received. This is incorrect. The measuring of net income, and therefore the acknowledgment of gross, has to take some history of the duplicate procedure. At the twelvemonth terminal, precisely one half of the class has been delivered. Consequently, one half of the gross can be recognised, i.e gross revenues should be $ 3000. While there are some staged payments, i.e. there is component of deferred consideration, these are paid over a affair of months instead than old ages. The clip value of money is consequently non regarded as stuff over this period, and so it is non necessary to dismiss the consideration received to get at the just value of the consideration. The $ 1500 received, but non yet recognised as gross at the coverage day of the month, is to be non-refundable there is, in fact, an duty to finish the contract. As deferred income, it is included n the statement of fiscal place / balance sheet as a liability instead than as equity. The original proposed intervention anticipated gross and therefore exaggerated net income in the short term. The right intervention can be summarised as follows: Dr Cash 4500 ( Bing the reception of hard currency ) Cr Revenue / Gross saless 3000 ( Bing the gross earned being recognised ) Cr Deferred income 1500 ( Bing the monies received in progress of the bringing of the services )Example 2On 1 November 2000, a auto retail merchant agreed to sell a motor vehicle for $ 20000. At the clip, the client negotiated a three-year free service understanding as portion of the dealing. This service understanding is usually sold for $ 1000. Besides, on 1st November 2000, the client paid a non-refundable sedimentation of $ 2000. A farther $ 10000 is collectible three months subsequently on 1st February 2001. The client has been taken advantage of a free offer and will pay the balance of the $ 8000 on 1st February 2003. Delivery of the auto to the client will take topographic point on 1st February 2001. The auto retail merchant has a fiscal twelvemonth terminal of 31 December and proposes to recognize the sale of the auto at $ 20000 in the fiscal histories for the current twelvemonth.Required:Rede the auto retail merchant on the right accounting intervention for, this dealing.Answer to illustration 2Fir st let us see the timing of the transaction- when the gross revenues take topographic point. this dealing is for gross revenues of goods, and we should find when the hazards and wagess of the ownership have left the retail merchant. The timing if the sale is, hence, 1st February 2001, as this is when the client takes ownership of the auto and the public presentation of the sale contract is, in consequence, well completed. No gross can be recognised in the current accounting period. The auto retail merchant has received $ 2000 in the current period. This has been banked ( Dr Cash ) and is to be regarded as deferred income ( Cr Deferred Income ) as, at the coverage day of the month of 31st December 2000, there has been no public presentation of the contract. While the sedimentation is said to be non-refundable, the auto trader does non hold an duty to finish the contract. Consequently, deferred income is included in the statement of the fiscal place / balance sheet as ability instead than as equity. There is besides a demand to see how to mensurate the gross generated from the ultimate sale of the auto. Two issues arise here. First there are two transactions- the sale of the auto and the sale of the three twelvemonth service understanding. This is because, in substance, the service understanding has non been given away for free, and the gross from that ( $ 1000 ) should be acknowledged individually and so recognised over the three old ages. Second, the deferral consideration of $ 8000 that will be two old ages after the sale, should be measured at just value by being discounted at the present value to reflect the clip value of money. All of this could be summarised up in diaries as follows- if we assume a price reduction rate 10 % for mensurating the clip value of money.1st November 2000Dr Cash 2000 ( Bing the reception of hard currency ) Cr Deferred Income 2000 ( Bing monies received in progress of the sale being recognised and so deferred income )1st February 2001Dr Deferred Income 2000 ( To unclutter out the brought forward deferred income history ) Dr Cash 10000 ( Bing the reception of hard currency ) Dr Receivable 6612 ( Measured at present value with a price reduction rate of say 10 % [ 8000/1.12 ] ) Cr Deferred Income 1000 ( In regard of the monies received in progress for the three-year service understanding ) Cr Sales/Revenue 17612 ( Gross in regard of the auto reconciliation figure )Example 3On 1st December in the current twelvemonth, an cyberspace travel agent accepts a payment by recognition card of $ 1000 in regard of a hotel engagement for the undermentioned February. The travel agent confirms the engagement and issues the client with an appropriate reception. In due class, the cyberspace travel agent will pay $ 900 to the hotel. Having received $ 100 from the client ( Dr Cash $ 1000 ) , the cyberspace travel agent proposes to instantly recognize $ 1000 as gross in the current twelvemonth ( Dr Gross saless $ 1000 ) . It will so enter the liability to pay the hotel ( Cr liability $ 900 ) and complete the dual entry by posting this as an disbursal ( Dr Expense $ 900 ) , the cyberspace travel agent has a fiscal twelvemonth terminal of 31st December.Required:Rede the cyberspace travel agent on the right accounting intervention for this dealing.Answer to illustration 3It appears that the cyberspace travel agent has so acted as merely an agent and non as a principal. All it has done is to supply an debut. It has non really been responsible for the proviso of a bed for dark. The gross that it should recognize, hence, should be confined to the committee that is due. This is merely $ 100. This earned on 1st December and can be recognised as a liability. When you can reason that the proposed accounting intervention does non, in fact, really overstate net income, it is still misdirecting as it would give the insouciant reader an feeling that the degrees of activity in the company were higher than they really are. To sum up in journal signifier, the right intervention is ; Dr Cash 1000 ( Bing the banking of the hard currency received ) Cr Revenue/Sales 100 ( Bing the committee earned as an agent ) Cr Hotel Creditor 900 ( Bing the liability to pay money over to the hotel )Specific state of affairssBill and keep agreementsIt is referred to the contract for the supply of goods, where the purchaser accepts rubric to the goods but does non take physical bringing of the point until a ulterior day of the month. Provided the goods are available for bringing, the purchaser gives expressed instructions to detain bringing and there are no changes to the footings on which the marketer usually trades with the purchaser, gross should recognize when the purchaser accepts rubric.Payments for goods in progress ( e.g. sedimentations )Gross should be recognised when the bringing of the goods to the purchaser takes topographic point. Until so, any payments in progress should handle as liabilities.Payments for goods by episodesGross is recognised when the important hazards and wagess of the ownership have been transferred, which is normally when the bringing is made. If the consequence of the clip value of money is mat erial, the sale monetary value should be discounted to its present value.Sale or returnSometimes goods are delivered to the client but the client can return within a certain clip period. Gross is usually recognised when the goods are delivered. Gross should so be reduced by an estimation of the return. In most instances a marketer can gauge return from the past experience. For illustration, a retail merchant would cognize on mean what per centum of goods are returned after a twelvemonth terminal and could set gross by the sum of expected returns.Presentation of gross as a principal or as agentThe chief supplies the goods or services on its ain history, while the agent receive a fee or committee for set uping proviso of goods and services by the principal. The principal is exposed to the hazard and wagess of the dealing and therefore records gross as gross sum receivable. The agent merely records the committee receivable on the dealing as gross. An illustration would be a decorative agent who earns committee on the figure of decorative sold. The agent owns no stock list, so is non exposed to obsolescence and therefore could merely enter committee as its gross. The decorative is exposed to the stock list obsolescence and merc handising monetary value alterations, so would enter the gross sum of the sale as gross.Separation and linking of contractual agreementsSometimes concern provide a figure of goods and services to client as a bundle. For illustration, a client might buy package together with regular ascents for one twelvemonth. The job here is whether the sale is one dealing or two separate minutess. A ‘Package ‘ such as this can merely be treated as more than one separate dealing, if each merchandise or service is capable of being sold independently and if a dependable just value can be assigned to each separate constituent. Using the illustration above, if support service is an optional supernumerary and the package can be operated without it, the sale is two ( or more ) separate minutess. If the sale is one dealing and the sum of gross recognised depends on the extent to which the marketer has performed at the coverage day of the month.Disclosure demand of IAS-18Harmonizing to IAS-18 an entity should unwrap: Its accounting policies for gross including the methods adopted to find the phase of completion of service dealing. The sum of each important class of gross recognised during the period. The sum if gross originating from exchange of goods and servicesAssetss and liability theoretical account for gross acknowledgmentThe gross recognised demands in IAS-18 focal point on the happening of the critical events instead than alterations in assets and liabilities. Some believe that this attack leads to debits and credits that do non run into the meet the definition of assets and liabilities being recognised in the statement of the fiscal place. The International Financial Reporting Standard Board has developed two attacks to implement the plus and liability theoretical account: The far value ( measuring ) theoretical account, in which public presentation duty are ab initio measured at just value. The client consideration theoretical account, in which public presentation duty are ab initio measured by apportioning the client consideration sum. It is likely that neither of these will be the concluding theoretical account and the concluding criterion is expected to be drawn from both of them.Failings under IAS-18A practical failing of IAS-18 is that ir gives deficient counsel on contract that provides more than one goods or services to the client. It is ill-defined when the contracts should be divided into constituents and how much gross should be attributable to each constituent. IFRS ( International Financial Reporting Standard Board ) often receives petitions for counsel on the application of IAS-18. Since IAS-18 was originally issued, concerns and dealing have become much more complex. For illustration, computing machine companies often enter into swap minutess. Minutess may include options, for illustration, to purchase portions or to return goods within a specified clip. Some entities have exploited the failings in IAS-18 in order to unnaturally heighten gross ( a practical sometimes called aggressive net incomes direction ) . For illustration, some package companies recognise gross revenues when order are made, good before it is Reasonably certain that hard currency will be received. The chief issue is one of timing. At what point in a dealing should an entity recognise gross? Three inquiries can be helpful in covering with an unusual dealing or state of affairs: When is the ‘critical event ‘ ? This is the point at which most or all of the uncertainness environing a dealing is removed. Has the marketer really performed? Transaction that gives rise to the gross are lawfully contractual agreements, irrespective of whether a formal contract exists. Gross can merely be recognised when an entity has performed its duties under the contract. For illustration, an entity can non recognize gross at the clip that it receives payment in progress. Has the dealing increased the entity ‘s net assets/equity? For illustration, when an entity makes a sale, its assets addition, because it has receivable ( entree to future economic benefits in the signifier of hard currency ) . Therefore it recognises a addition. This is one of the chief principal in the standard model.Current Developments in Revenue RecognitionThe board of International Financial Reporting Standard have been doing steady advancement since July 2010 to re-deliberate the proposed counsel and have finalized their re-liberations on cardinal gross measuring and acknowledgment issues. Some of the more important determinations to day of the month include: Clarifying when public presentation duties are distinguishable. Confirming that offers to supply goods or services that the client can supply to its client are public presentation duties. Clarifying the standards for when public presentation duties are satisfied over clip. Retaining the proposals associating to the usage of a residuary attack to gauge the standalone merchandising monetary value of a public presentation duty. Removing the demand to measure burdensome public presentation duties. Retaining the demand to account for clip value of money in contracts with a important funding constituent. Clarifying the aim of the restraint on acknowledging gross from variable consideration taking the exclusion for licences of rational belongings where payments vary based on the client ‘s subsequent gross revenues ( for illustration, sales-based royalties ) . Retaining the demand to capitalise contract acquisition costs if they are incremental and recoverable. Confirming collectability is non a threshold for gross acknowledgment and holding that initial and subsequent damages of client receivables should be presented as a separate disbursal point in the statement of comprehensive income. Agring that a licence is either a promise to supply a right which transportations at a point in clip or a promise to supply entree to rational belongings which transfers benefits to the client over clip ; and Deciding on revelations, passage, and effectual day of the month for public companies and non-public companies. The International Financial Reporting Standard substantively concluded re-deliberations of their joint 2011 exposure bill of exchange, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, in February 2013. The boards reached determinations on the staying cardinal issues including revelations, passage, and effectual day of the month at their most recent meetings. The boards ‘ timeline indicates the concluding criterion is expected in the 2nd one-fourth of 2013. The criterion will be effectual for the first interim period within one-year coverage periods get downing on or after January 1, 2017. Entities will hold the option to use the concluding criterion retrospectively or utilize a simplified passage method. An entity will non repeat prior periods if it uses the simplified method. Detailss of these determinations, every bit good as a comprehensive expression at the theoretical account at the terminal of the cardinal re-deliberations, are included in this Data line. Any staying â€Å" sweep † or new issues identified by the boards will be discussed at future board meetings, as needed.

Biography of John Donne

Biography of John Donne John Donne was an English poet, satirist, lawyer and priest. He is considered the pre-eminent representative of the metaphysical poets. His works are noted for their strong, sensual style and include sonnets, love poetry, religious poems, Latin translations, epigrams, elegies, songs, satires and sermons. His poetry is noted for its vibrancy of language and inventiveness of metaphor, especially compared to that of his contemporaries. Donne's style is characterised by abrupt openings and various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations.These features, along with his frequent dramatic or everyday speech rhythms, his tense syntax and his tough eloquence, were both a reaction against the smoothness of conventional Elizabethan poetry and an adaptation into English of European baroque and mannerist techniques. His early career was marked by poetry that bore immense knowledge of British society and he met that knowledge with sharp criticism. Another important theme in Donn e’s poetry is the idea of true religion, something that he spent much time considering and theorising about.He wrote secular poems as well as erotic and love poems. He is particularly famous for his mastery of metaphysical conceits. Despite his great education and poetic talents, Donne lived in poverty for several years, relying heavily on wealthy friends. He spent much of the money he inherited during and after his education on womanising, literature, pastimes, and travel. In 1601, Donne secretly married Anne Moore, with whom he had twelve children. In 1615, he became an Anglican priest, although he did not want to take Anglican orders.He did so because King James I persistently ordered it. In 1621, he was appointed the Dean of St Paul's Cathedral in London. He also served as a member of parliament in 1601 and in 1614. Biography Early Life Donne was born in London, into a Roman Catholic family when practice of that religion was illegal in England. Donne was the third of six children. His father, also named John Donne, was of Welsh descent and a warden of the Ironmongers Company in the City of London. Donne's father was a respected Roman Catholic who avoided unwelcome government attention out of fear of persecution.Donne's father died in 1576, leaving his wife, Elizabeth Heywood, the responsibility of raising their children. Elizabeth was also from a recusant Roman Catholic family, the daughter of John Heywood, the playwright, and sister of the Reverend Jasper Heywood, a Jesuit priest and translator. She was a great-niece of the Roman Catholic martyr Thomas More. This tradition of martyrdom would continue among Donne’s closer relatives, many of whom were executed or exiled for religious reasons. Donne was educated privately; however, there is no evidence to support the popular claim that he was taught by Jesuits.Donne's mother married Dr. John Syminges, a wealthy widower with three children, a few months after Donne's father died. Two more of his sisters, Mary and Katherine, died in 1581. Donne's mother, who had lived in the Deanery after Donne became Dean of St. Paul's, survived him, dying in 1632. Donne was a student at Hart Hall, now Hertford College, Oxford, from the age of 11. After three years at Oxford he was admitted to the University of Cambridge, where he studied for another three years.He was unable to obtain a degree from either institution because of his Catholicism, since he could not take the Oath of Supremacy required of graduates. In 1591 he was accepted as a student at the Thavies Inn legal school, one of the Inns of Chancery in London. On 6 May 1592 he was admitted to Lincoln’s Inn, one of the Inns of Court. His brother Henry was also a university student prior to his arrest in 1593 for harbouring a Catholic priest, William Harrington, whom Henry betrayed under torture. Harrington was tortured on the rack, hanged until not quite dead, then was subjected to disembowelment.Henry Donne died in Newgate prison of bubonic plague, leading John Donne to begin questioning his Catholic faith. During and after his education, Donne spent much of his considerable inheritance on women, literature, pastimes and travel. Although there is no record detailing precisely where he travelled, it is known that he travelled across Europe and later fought with the Earl of Essex and Sir Walter Raleigh against the Spanish at Cadiz (1596) and the Azores (1597) and witnessed the loss of the Spanish flagship, the San Felipe. According to Izaak Walton, who wrote a biography of Donne in 1658: .. he returned not back into England till he had stayed some years, first in Italy, and then in Spain, where he made many useful observations of those countries, their laws and manner of government, and returned perfect in their languages. —Izaak Walton By the age of 25 he was well prepared for the diplomatic career he appeared to be seeking. He was appointed chief secretary to the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, Sir Thomas Egerton, and was established at Egerton’s London home, York House, Strand close to the Palace of Whitehall, then the most influential social centre in England.Marriage to Anne More During the next four years, he fell in love with Egerton's niece Anne More. They were married just before Christmas in 1601, against the wishes of both Egerton and George More, who was Lieutenant of the Tower and Anne's father. This wedding ruined Donne's career and earned him a short stay in Fleet Prison, along with Samuel Brooke, who married them, and the man who acted as a witness to the wedding. Donne was released when the marriage was proven valid, and he soon secured the release of the other two.Walton tells us that when Donne wrote to his wife to tell her about losing his post, he wrote after his name: John Donne, Anne Donne, Un-done. It was not until 1609 that Donne was reconciled with his father-in-law and received his wife's dowry. After his release, Donne had to accept a reti red country life in Pyrford, Surrey. Over the next few years, he scraped a meagre living as a lawyer, depending on his wife’s cousin Sir Francis Wolly to house him, his wife, and their children. Because Anne Donne bore a new baby almost every year, this was a very generous gesture.Though he practised law and may have worked as an assistant pamphleteer to Thomas Morton, Donne was in a constant state of financial insecurity, with a growing family to provide for. Anne bore twelve children in sixteen years of marriage (including two stillbirths—their eighth and then, in 1617, their last child); indeed, she spent most of her married life either pregnant or nursing. The ten surviving children were Constance, John, George, Francis, Lucy (named after Donne's patroness Lucy, Countess of Bedford, her godmother), Bridget, Mary, Nicholas, Margaret, and Elizabeth.Francis, Nicholas, and Mary died before they were ten. In a state of despair, Donne noted that the death of a child woul d mean one less mouth to feed, but he could not afford the burial expenses. During this time, Donne wrote, but did not publish, Biathanatos, his defence of suicide. His wife died on 15 August 1617, five days after giving birth to their twelfth child, a still-born baby. Donne mourned her deeply, and wrote of his love and loss in his 17th Holy Sonnet. Career and Later Life Donne was elected as Member of Parliament for the constituency of Brackley in 1602, but this was not a paid position.The fashion for coterie poetry of the period gave him a means to seek patronage and many of his poems were written for wealthy friends or patrons, especially Sir Robert Drury, who came to be Donne's chief patron in 1610. Donne wrote the two Anniversaries, An Anatomy of the World (1611) and Of the Progress of the Soul, (1612), for Drury. In 1610 and 1611 he wrote two anti-Catholic polemics: Pseudo-Martyr and Ignatius his Conclave. Although James was pleased with Donne's work, he refused to reinstate hi m at court and instead urged him to take holy orders.At length, Donne acceded to the King's wishes and in 1615 was ordained into the Church of England. Donne was awarded an honorary doctorate in divinity from Cambridge in 1615 and became a Royal Chaplain in the same year, and was made a Reader of Divinity at Lincoln's Inn in 1616. In 1618 he became chaplain to Viscount Doncaster, who was on an embassy to the princes of Germany. Donne did not return to England until 1620. In 1621 Donne was made Dean of St Paul's, a leading (and well-paid) position in the Church of England and one he held until his death in 1631. During his period as Dean his daughter Lucy died, aged eighteen.In late November and early December 1623 he suffered a nearly fatal illness, thought to be either typhus or a combination of a cold followed by a period of fever. During his convalescence he wrote a series of meditations and prayers on health, pain, and sickness that were published as a book in 1624 under the tit le of Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. One of these meditations, Meditation XVII, later became well known for its phrase â€Å"for whom the bell tolls† and the statement that â€Å"no man is an island†. In 1624 he became vicar of St Dunstan-in-the-West, and 1625 a prolocutor to Charles I.He earned a reputation as an eloquent preacher and 160 of his sermons have survived, including the famous Death’s Duel sermon delivered at the Palace of Whitehall before King Charles I in February 1631. Death It is thought that his final illness was stomach cancer, although this has not been proven. He died on 31 March 1631 having written many poems, most only in manuscript. Donne was buried in old St Paul's Cathedral, where a memorial statue of him was erected (carved from a drawing of him in his shroud), with a Latin epigraph probably composed by himself.Donne's monument survived the 1666 fire, and is on display in the present building. Writings Early Poetry Donne's earliest poems showed a developed knowledge of English society coupled with sharp criticism of its problems. His satires dealt with common Elizabethan topics, such as corruption in the legal system, mediocre poets, and pompous courtiers. His images of sickness, vomit, manure, and plague reflected his strongly satiric view of a world populated by all the fools and knaves of England. His third satire, however, deals with the problem of true religion, a matter of great importance to Donne.He argued that it was better to examine carefully one's religious convictions than blindly to follow any established tradition, for none would be saved at the Final Judgment, by claiming â€Å"A Harry, or a Martin taught [them] this. † Donne's early career was also notable for his erotic poetry, especially his elegies, in which he employed unconventional metaphors, such as a flea biting two lovers being compared to sex. In Elegy XIX: To His Mistress Going to Bed, he poetically undressed his mistress an d compared the act of fondling to the exploration of America.In Elegy XVIII, he compared the gap between his lover's breasts to the Hellespont. Donne did not publish these poems, although did allow them to circulate widely in manuscript form. â€Å"†¦ any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankinde; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee.. † — Donne, Meditation XVII Some have speculated that Donne's numerous illnesses, financial strain, and the deaths of his friends all contributed to the development of a more somber and pious tone in his later poems.The change can be clearly seen in â€Å"An Anatomy of the World† (1611), a poem that Donne wrote in memory of Elizabeth Drury, daughter of his patron, Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, Suffolk. This poem treats Elizabeth's demise with extreme gloominess, using it as a symbol for the Fall of Man and the destruction of the universe. The poem â€Å"A Nocturnal upon S. Lucy's Day, Being the Shortest Day†, concerns the poet's despair at the death of a loved one. In it Donne expresses a feeling of utter negation and hopelessness, saying that â€Å"I am every dead thing†¦ re-begot / Of absence, darkness, death. This famous work was probably written in 1627 when both Donne's friend Lucy, Countess of Bedford, and his daughter Lucy Donne died. Three years later, in 1630, Donne wrote his will on Saint Lucy's day (13 December), the date the poem describes as â€Å"Both the year's, and the day's deep midnight. † The increasing gloominess of Donne's tone may also be observed in the religious works that he began writing during the same period. His early belief in the value of scepticism now gave way to a firm faith in the traditional teachings of the Bible. Having converted to the Anglican Church, Donne focused his literary career on religious literature.He quickly became noted for his sermons and religious poems. The lines of these se rmons would come to influence future works of English literature, such as Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, which took its title from a passage in Meditation XVII of Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, and Thomas Merton’s No Man is an Island, which took its title from the same source. Towards the end of his life Donne wrote works that challenged death, and the fear that it inspired in many men, on the grounds of his belief that those who die are sent to Heaven to live eternally.One example of this challenge is his Holy Sonnet X, Death Be Not Proud, from which come the famous lines â€Å"Death, be not proud, though some have called thee / Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so. † Even as he lay dying during Lent in 1631, he rose from his sickbed and delivered the Death's Duel sermon, which was later described as his own funeral sermon. Death’s Duel portrays life as a steady descent to suffering and death, yet sees hope in salvation and immortality thro ugh an embrace of God, Christ and the Resurrection. StyleHis work has received much criticism over the years, especially concerning his metaphysical form. Donne is generally considered the most prominent member of the Metaphysical poets, a phrase coined in 1781 by the critic Dr Johnson, following a comment on Donne by the poet John Dryden. Dryden had written of Donne in 1693: â€Å"He affects the metaphysics, not only in his satires, but in his amorous verses, where nature only should reign; and perplexes the minds of the fair sex with nice speculations of philosophy, when he should engage their hearts, and entertain them with the softnesses of love. In Life of Cowley (from Samuel Johnson's 1781 work of biography and criticism Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets), Johnson refers to the beginning of the seventeenth century in which there â€Å"appeared a race of writers that may be termed the metaphysical poets†. Donne's immediate successors in poetry therefore tended to regard his works with ambivalence, with the Neoclassical poets regarding his conceits as abuse of the metaphor. However he was revived by Romantic poets such as Coleridge and Browning, though his more recent revival in the early twentieth century by poets such as T.S. Eliot and critics like F R Leavis tended to portray him, with approval, as an anti-Romantic. Donne's work suggests a healthy appetite for life and its pleasures, while also expressing deep emotion. He did this through the use of conceits, wit and intellect—as seen in the poems â€Å"The Sun Rising† and â€Å"Batter My Heart†. Donne is considered a master of the metaphysical conceit, an extended metaphor that combines two vastly different ideas into a single idea, often using imagery. An example of this is his equation of lovers with saints in â€Å"The Canonization†.Unlike the conceits found in other Elizabethan poetry, most notably Petrarchan conceits, which formed cliched comparisons betwe en more closely related objects (such as a rose and love), metaphysical conceits go to a greater depth in comparing two completely unlike objects. One of the most famous of Donne's conceits is found in â€Å"A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning† where he compares two lovers who are separated to the two legs of a compass. Donne's works are also witty, employing paradoxes, puns, and subtle yet remarkable analogies.His pieces are often ironic and cynical, especially regarding love and human motives. Common subjects of Donne's poems are love (especially in his early life), death (especially after his wife's death), and religion. John Donne's poetry represented a shift from classical forms to more personal poetry. Donne is noted for his poetic metre, which was structured with changing and jagged rhythms that closely resemble casual speech (it was for this that the more classical-minded Ben Jonson commented that â€Å"Donne, for not keeping of accent, deserved hanging†).Some s cholars believe that Donne's literary works reflect the changing trends of his life, with love poetry and satires from his youth and religious sermons during his later years. Other scholars, such as Helen Gardner, question the validity of this dating—most of his poems were published posthumously (1633). The exception to these is his Anniversaries which were published in 1612 and Devotions upon Emergent Occasions published in 1624. His sermons are also dated, sometimes specifically by date and year. LegacyDonne is commemorated as a priest in the calendar of the Church of England and in the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America on 31 March. Sylvia Plath, interviewed on BBC Radio in late 1962, said the following about a book review of her collection of poems titled The Colossus that had been published in the United Kingdom two years earlier: â€Å"I remember being appalled when someone criticised me for beginning just like John Donne but not quite man aging to finish like John Donne, and I felt the weight of English literature on me at that point. The memorial to Donne, modelled after the engraving pictured above, was one of the few such memorials to survive the Great Fire of London in 1666 and now appears in St Paul's Cathedral where Donne is buried. Donne in Literature In Margaret Edson's Pulitzer prize-winning play Wit (1999), the main character, a professor of 17th century poetry specialising in Donne, is dying of cancer. The play was adapted for the HBO film Wit starring Emma Thompson. Donne's Songs and Sonnets feature in The Calligrapher (2003), a novel by Edward Docx.In the 2006 novel The Meaning of Night by Michael Cox, Donne's works are frequently quoted. Donne appears, along with his wife Anne and daughter Pegge, in the award-winning novel Conceit (2007) by Mary Novik. Joseph Brodsky has a poem called â€Å"Elegy for John Donne†. The love story of Donne and Anne More is the subject of Maeve Haran's 2010 historica l novel The Lady and the Poet. An excerpt from â€Å"Meditation 17 Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions† serves as the opening for Ernest Hemingway's For Whom The Bell Tolls. Marilynne Robinson's Pulitzer prize-winning novel Gilead makes several references to Donne's work.Donne is the favourite poet of Dorothy Sayers' fictional detective Lord Peter Wimsey, and the Wimsey books include numerous quotations from, and allusions to, his work. Donne's poem ‘A Fever' (incorrectly called ‘The Fever') is mentioned in the penultimate paragraph of the novel â€Å"The Silence of the Lambs† by Thomas Harris. Edmund â€Å"Bunny† Corcoran writes a paper on Donne in Donna Tartt's novel The Secret History, in which he ties together Donne and Izaak Walton with help of an imaginary philosophy called â€Å"Metahemeralism†.Donne plays a significant role in Christie Dickason's The Noble Assassin (2011), a novel based on the life of Donne's patron and putative lover, L ucy Russell, Countess of Bedford. Donne in Popular Culture John Renbourn, on his 1966 debut album John Renbourn, sings a version of the poem, â€Å"Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star†. (He alters the last line to â€Å"False, ere I count one, two, three. â€Å") Tarwater, in their album Salon des Refuses, have put â€Å"The Relic† to song.The plot of Neil Gaiman's novel Stardust is based upon the poem â€Å"Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star,† with the fallen star turned into a major character. Bob Chilcott has arranged a choral piece to Donne's â€Å"Go and Catch a Falling Star†. Van Morrison pays tribute to the poet on â€Å"Rave On John Donne† and makes references in many other songs. Lost in Austen, the British mini series based on Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, has Bingley refer to Donne when he describes taking Jane to America, â€Å"John Donne, don't you know? ‘License my roving hands,' and so forth. † Las

Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is the eating disorder in which a person purges and binges.? (bulimia nervosa look like) The person suffering with bulimia nervosa, eat a lot of food at a time and try to get rid of food using laxatives, vomiting or sometimes over-exercising. It’s a condition where the person thinks a lot about his body, shape and weight.? (Bulimia Nervosa) It affects the capability of having normal eating model. Bulimia is connected with psychiatric disorders and depression and also shares symptoms with another major eating disorder which is known as anorexia nervosa.It is very difficult to conclude that the person is suffering from Bulimia. This is because the person suffering from bulimia purges and vomits in secret. People suffering from bulimia often refuse their condition and they do not like to share their symptoms with others. If bulimia nervosa is not treated it may lead to fatal complications and nutritional deficiencies. Although there are several theories, people do not have much knowledge about this and they do not have clear idea on what causes bulimia nervosa.Bulimia is said to have a genetic component.? (Bulimia treatment). A women who has a mother or a sister suffering with bulimia nervosa, has a greater risk of developing bulimia nervosa. Psychological factors like impulsive behaviors, having low self-esteem and not able to control anger are also the factors which may cause bulimia nervosa. A chemical in the parts of the brain known as serotonin has something to do with bulimia nervosa.The impact of above factors may lead to low level of serotonin which causes bulimia nervosa. The symptoms and signs of bulimia nervosa include repeated episodes of eating large amounts of foods i. e. , Binge eating, loss of control over eating, fasting, heart burn, constipation, indigestion, dental problems, weakness, sore throat, bloodshot eyes, irregular periods, vomiting blood, mood swings or depression, swollen glands in face and neck, using the bathro om regularly after meals etc., The medical complications caused from bulimia include dental cavities caused due to sensitivity of hot and cold food, soreness and swelling in the salivary glands due to repeated vomiting, wearing away of tooth enamel due to frequent exposure to acidic gastric contents, stomach ulcers, electrolyte imbalance, irregular heartbeat, suicidal behavior, decrease in libido etc. , The people who are with a family history of substance abuse and mood disorders, low self-esteem and white-middle class women who are mostly college students and teenagers are at high risk of getting bulimia nervosa.Ten percent of the college age women are affected by bulimia in United States. Ten percent of people diagnosed with this disease are men. Ten percent of people suffering from this disease may die due to cardiac arrest, starvation, suicide or even with other medical complications. I have a personal experience with people suffering from bulimia nervosa. My best friend Shan w as bulimic since she was young. At first she started by a loss of appetite and uncontrollable loss of weight. She heard on shows that someone was using a toothbrush.She used to vomit using that. She was always depressed and did not want to gain weight again. The only way she thought was to keep it off by purging. She has a huge tea and then throws it up. She has lot of breakfast and lunch and then she purges it out. If she doesn’t vomit after eating, she gets bad heartburn and end up being sick. She went from 200 pounds down to 120. Every time she does it by telling herself that this is the last time she is purging. It has become a habit and now she can’t get rid of it.She is undergoing treatment from the doctor since 2 months and now she is feeling better than before. It is difficult to be cured at once. Many people may improve with treatment but some feel that there are some issues after the treatment also. The aim of the treatment is to encourage healthy eating, hel p people to be stronger both mentally and physically, reduce risk of harm caused by bulimia nervosa. According to the community based study, the prevalence of bulimia nervosa with an even social class distribution is 0. 5% to 1%. About 90% of people suffering with bulimia nervosa are women.In industrialized countries, the prevalence of bulimia nervosa is greater compared to that of the non-industrialized countries. White American women have a greater prevalence of binge eating while compared to African-Asian women. A community based control study compared 102 people suffering from bulimia nervosa with 204 healthy people; it found that people with bulimia nervosa had higher risks of mood disorder, physical and sexual abuse, and higher rate of obesity, parental obesity, parental shape/weight concern, and early menarche.People suffering from bulimia nervosa, needs lot of support from their parents and family members. Family members should be prepared for resistance, denial and even ang er from the patient. This is a very dangerous disease which can even cause death. Many health programs and treatment facilities have been created to fight with this disease. But the major problem about this disease is that, this disease goes unreported or even unnoticed. Therefore the family members need to be cautious about the symptoms and signs of the disease so that they can easily recognize the problem in friends and family members.Recognition is the foremost step to help the people to be cured of this disease. REFERENCES: 1. Matthew Tiemeyer, What Does Bulimia Nervosa Really Look Like? March 5, 2009. http://eatingdisorders. about. com/od/whatisbulimianervosa/a/bulimiahub. htm 2. Bulimia Nervosa and binge eating disorder, Medscape Psychiatry & Mental Health eJournal. 1997. http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/431281_4 3. Bulimia treatment, Signs and symptoms of eating disorder, 2009 http://www. bulimia-treatment. net/signs. php

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 132

Essay Example According to him, a government is not needed and should be regulated when a natural society is large enough as a moral virtue is unnecessary in governing man prone challenges. In comparison to my own ideas enlightenment living, Paine’s idea of government as unavoidable evil is out of place because; people need an authority and a point of reference. Governments and monarchies are rightly places because people need a leader in charge of decision-making, protect and preserve the community. The government represents its citizens in the entire nation and without it citizen would lack a single entity to stand for their feelings. The country’s security is risked without the government that represents the voice of its people. Paine argues that monarchy is not grounded in liberty but prejudice, while people’s constitution is the real freedom form. He challenges people to see the underlying problems of the monarch irrespective of its enduring tradition that is unquestionable, (Paine, Cronauer & Recorded Books, 2005). Paine firmly disagrees with the monarchy and hereditary succession principle and he quotes the bible in many occasions that the basis of monarchy is strongly in opposition of the truth of bible. He terms the Kings government as outright idolatry, an kind of administration that did not emanate from nature or divinity but originated from Heathens that resulted from disorderly gangs and cruelly forced themselves in power against people’s will. He refers to as England’s Monarchy founder as French bastard because he believes that William the Conqueror forced his way to boastful rule against his people’s will, (Paine & University of Virginia, 1993). According to pain the hereditary leaderships of leaders is not a moral virtue guarantee because moral virtue cannot be inherited and future generations will be led by enthroned gracious kings. Hereditary

Are the virtues of justice, prudence, and beneficences suffient for a Essay

Are the virtues of justice, prudence, and beneficences suffient for a good life - Essay Example Secondly, it leads people to become biased to the attitudes and interests of the society rather than helping them to act impartially with all human beings. Lastly, the view of Adam Smith is unclearly justified. This essay will analyse Adam Smith’s views about living a good life and its criticisms. First, the essay examines Adam Smith’s view on the issue and its strengths and weaknesses. The essay will also highlight the criticisms of Smith’s view and their strengths and weaknesses. Lastly, it will provide my position about the issue. In this essay I will conclude that the virtues of justice, prudence, and beneficences are very essential; but they are not sufficient for a good life. Other considerations that need to be observed include rationality, human development and scientific approach of solving problems. These additional factors work with the moral virtues suggested by Adam Smith to enable the society achieve good life while meeting the interests of human beings without bias. Being happy is enhanced by living morally and having enough resources to support individuals and societies to solve their problems and resources. Therefore, human development in terms of soci al, economic and political advancement supports human life and enables people to live morally and happily. In the book The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith attempts to explain the source of morality, and why people exhibit virtues and decency even if they may conflict with their self-interest (Roberts, 2014). In the opening sentence of the book, Smith argues that even though human beings may be selfish, they still care about the happiness of other people (Roberts, 2014). Although one may not benefit from the happiness of others, they are usually pleased to see that they are happy. Smith argues that a human being should be totally virtuous in order for the economic system to function in such a way that it can maximize wealth. As a philosopher, Smith argues that there

Marketing Management Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Management Concepts - Essay Example Alternative Management Channel Techniques. One of the alternative channel management technique that People's Bank can employ is the traditional brick and mortar model where they set up their buildings to support business transactions with customers (Murphy 2003). Also, they can likewise complement their online presence with brick and mortar product distribution. This is to capture markets which do not have access to the internet. People's Bank and the Societal Marketing Technique. The societal marketing concept firmly holds that "the organisation's task is to determine the needs, wants, and interests of target markets and to deliver the desired satisfactions more effectively and efficiently than competitors, in a way that preserves or enhances the consumer's and the society's well-being (Kotler 1994)." We can see that as People's bank utilize the best technology available and apply it to their business sector, efficiency is increased not only on the part of the customer but also to the business. However, there are some setbacks like high expenses due to high cost of energy. It can be noted that the skyrocketing costs of fuel in the world and domestic market will spill over as high energy consumption for consumers using this technology. Impact of Technology on Business.